object of his study ha® been the district of Kristiania. He has published in
German exhaustive works on the Silurian and on the Eruptives.
. The Norwegian Geological Survey was founded in 1858 under the leadership
of Th. Kjerulf and T. D a h lt. I t has published in 1879 a geological map
of the whole country in two sheets in 1:1,000,000. The titles are '.Geologist:
K a r t over det nordlige Norge» and «Geologist: OverHgtshart over det sydlige
Norge*. The latter map is out of print as a separate publication, b u t i t is still
to be had annexed to the hook « K j e e ü l f : JJdsigt over det sydlige Norges geologi,
Kristiania 1879* (The: German edition of this book 'D ie Geologie des südlichen
und mittleren Norwegens, Bonn 18801 has not the map.)
The Geological Survey ha® also published 25 detail maps in .1:100,000;
12 of the environs of Kristiania, 11 of the environs of Trondhjem and 2 near
to Bergen. These maps cost only 60 ore each.. The further* publication of
maps on this scale ha® ceased, and the survey will publish instead a map of the
whole country in 1:400,000. The Geological Survey has since the year 1890
published “27 volumes of geological literature which are sold at very low prices.
Most of the volumes have summaries in English or German.
A complete bibliography of the Norwegian geological publications 1890^95
is given in the «Aarbog» (Year book) of the Survey for 1894—95. Kristiania
,1896. I t will be continued.'
CLIMATE
Th r o u g h more -than 13 degrees of latitude, the ' country of
Norway stretches, long and narrow, from SW to NE, and
' in the north, extends almost 300 miles into the arctic zone. About
38,600 square miles, or nearly a third of the entire country, is the
domain of the midnight sun and the winter darkness.
The summer day is long in Norway. Even in the. southernmost
part of the country, the sun in summer does not sink farther
below the horizon than that twilight asserts itself all night long.
In Mandal, the nights are light from the end of April to the
middle of August; in Kristiania and Bergen, they begin a week
earlier, and end a week later; and in Trondhjem, the light nights
last from April 11th to August 31st; indeed, there is broad daylight
there at midnight from May 23rd to July 20th. The actual
midnight sun, however, is not seen until the polar circle is reached.
.In Bodo, the sun, is above the horizon both day and night from
June 3rd to July 7th; in Tromso, from May 19th to July 22nd;
in Gjesvser at the North Cape, from May 12th to July 29th.
But if the summer day is long and bright, the winter day,
on the other hand, is short and dark. In Gjesvser, the sun is not
seen from Nov. 18th to Jan. 23rd, in Tromso from Nov. 26th to
Jan. 16th, and in Bode from Dec. 15th to Dec. 27th. I t is not,
however, absolutely dark all the time; for when the sky is not
Overcast, the twilight produces a couple of hours daylight in the
middle of the day, even at the winter solstice. The farther
south we come, the greater is the number of hours that the sun is
above the horizon. In Trondhjem, on the shortest day in the year,
it rises at 10 a.m. and sets at 2.30 p.m.; in Bergen and Kristiania