ammunition and for the purchase of Krag-Jorgensen rifles; and
courses of instruction have been given for the training of officers
for the corps.
The Budget. The ordinary army budget, which was about 6
million kr. before the alteration in the organisation in 1887, has
risen, as this has gradually been carried out and improved, to an
average of 9 million kr. in the nineties. The last budget was
11.6 million kr. This figure amounts to 5.5 kr. per head, just
the half of what it is in Great Britain and Germany: in Trance
it is 14 kr. At the same time as this has been going on in the
ordinary budget, about 26 million kr. has been voted, between 1892
and 1899, for fortifications, arms, and suitable equipment. Even
if this extraordinary budget be included, the average expenses after
1892, when the restoration of defences was begun with special
energy, were no higher than 6 kr. pr. head, and thus less than
the European average, which is more than 7 kr.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
Norsk militoert Tidsskrift. Kristiania 1831 ff.
D id r ik S c h x it l e r . Blade a f Norges Krigshistorie. Kristiania 1895.
THE NAVY
T u the middle ages, the ships of the Norwegian Vikings were
X known far and wide. The old national defensive organisation
«ledingen» (the levy), was entirely based on naval warfare; the
coast was divided into ship-provinces, which each had to provide
a manned vessel with oars and sails. In the development of the
larger types of war-ships of more modem times, Norway had no
part until long after a union was effected with Denmark; and the
traditions of Norwegian naval wars during the last centuries are
hardly to be separated from those of Denmark, as long as this
union existed. I t was in a. great measure Norwegian sailors and
Norwegian officers that manned thé fleet, which maintained the
intercourse between the kingdoms, and which was most frequently
victorious in the numerous engagements with the Swedish fleet in
the Baltic and the Kattegat. In 1801, a bloody battle was fought
with the English under Parker and Nelson in the roads of Copenhagen;
and in 1807, the large and splendid united fleet was given
up to the English, who quite unexpectedly landed in Zealand.
During the succeeding years of war there were no ships left in
Norway but two or three brigs and a few rowing gun-boats.
Since 1814, special importance has been attached to gun-boats,
as these vessels had proved capable of keeping the belt of rocks
and islands along the coast, the «skjærgaard», free from the enemy’s
ships, and open for the coast traffic which is so necessary for
Norway.
Steam was introduced fairly early, and in the sixties Norway
had a fleet of screw frigates and smaller steamers, that was quite
on a par with those of her neighbours. When the general intro