have in sòme eases been fonnd even within the gabbro in schists
formed of the gabbro by compression along shearing planes. Consequently
we are induced to regard these ores as having been formed
in some volcanic way, probably as veins, which have penetrated
the gabbro and adjacent tuffs; in the latter case they have, as a
rule, followed the bedding of the strata. The lenticular form is
due to subsequent compression.
In the farthest north of Norway, to the east of the North
Cape, is a sandstone region which is not unlike the Sparagmite
region of Southern Norway, and probably may be contemporaneous
with it. This formation has of late become of additional interest,
as it has been found to contain evidence of an Ice Age of very
ancient date (Cambro-Silurian?). Within the sandstone are morainic
masses which contain ice-worn pebbles and rest upon surfaces
which are glacially striated.
JURASSIC.
Jurassic sandstone with a few seams of coal are found on a
few square kilometers on Andoen island, at 69° N.
QUATERNARY DEPOSITS.
The phenomena of the Ice Age are in Norway the same as
everywhere else: rounding, polishing and striation of the rocks
and the occasional formation of «giants’ kettles» and other effects
of running water under the glaciers,- deposition of different kinds
of moraines and of gravel and sandplains in front of the ice,
Eskers and drumlins of characteristic form are rather scarce. All
our glacial deposits belong, so far as we know, to the later stages
of the Ice Age and attain, as a rule, only a very limited thickness.
During the period of the last melting of the ice and later,
the land lay lower than at present, as is shown by the fact that
recent marine deposits, sand and clay, are found to a height of
about two hundred meters in the Kristiania and Trondhjem regions
and to less heights on other parts of the coast. The marine shells
found in the clays show a transition from a cold arctic climate
prevailing during the sedimentation of the older clays to the mild
climate of the present day. Still it is noteworthy that the climate
immediately before the present has been somewhat more genial
than it is now. I t is not the marine fossil fauna alone which
shows that, but the fact that the forests, as shown by roots and
stems in the peat mosses, have grown to greater heights on the
mountains than they do nowadays points in the same direction.
The «strand-lines» or:'«raised beaches» which are especially
well developed along the- outer parts of our northern fjords, are
clear proofs of the former lower position of the land, even to an
ordinary observer. Some of these are shelves exceedingly nicely
cut in the rock along the steep sides of the fjords. The waves
and floating ice have probably worked together.
The «strandlines» slope distinctly from the inner pa^t of the
fjords downwards to the outer coast. In the region of Tromso
there are two «raised beaches» ; the upper one slopes somewhat less
than 1 meter in 1 kilometer- ,(1 in 1000), the lower one slopes
about 4 meters in 1 kilometer (1 in 250).
There has not been a continuous rise of the land but several
oscillations. A rise of the land within historic time has not, at
any place, been proved by undoubted facts.
Quite another kind of «strandlines» occurs in some high valleys
on the southern side of the Dovre mountains. They have
been formed in ice-dammed lakes like the «Parallel Roads» of
Lochaber in Scotland.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
The £rst Norwegian geologist was J. E sm a b k , Professor at the University
of Kristiania. He was one of the pioneers in the study of the phenomena of the
Ice .Age, for he, as far hack as in 1824, pointed out proofs of a former glaciation
of Norway. His Norwegian paper .was reprinted in .English in «The Edinburgh
New Philosophical Journal» 1826—27. «jRemarks tending to explain the geological
history'of the earth?.
Esmarks successor in the geological chair Was B. M. K e i l h a t j , to whom
is due a valuable geological map of Norway and' a special map of the Kristiania
district. The maps are annexed to his work « Gcea norvegica? (in German). Kristiania
1850. He held peculiar ideas about the, Kristiania eruptive rocks, which he regarded
as formed by some sort of metamorphosis out of the stratified Silurian rocks.
His successor Th. Kjep.uef gave a correct explanation of the relations of
, 6 cniPtive rocks and the Silurian in ?Das Kristiania Silwrbeckem. Universi-
tatsprogram 1855. Kristiania 1856 (German).
Ur. W. C. BB0GGEB has been Professor of Geology a t the University after
leruif and has at the same time worked for the Geological Survey. “ The chief