Richard I. kills prisoners taken at ’Akkfi,
482
■ defeats Salah-ed-dih at Arsuf, 483
treats with Salah-ed-dih and returns to
England, 483
Richel, one of the six mouths of the Bag&r
branch of the Indus, 372
Rigebelus, king of Babylon, 145
Riphath, followers of, from Japhet, 38
, the territory in which they settled, 38,
43
Rishathaim-Cushan subdues the Israelites,
and rules over Mesopotamia, 106
Robbin, T e l , village on the plain of Zakhu,
224
Rock temples prevail in various countries,
612
Rocks destroyed by fire in Egypt and China,
617
Rollers for raising water, 652, 653
Roman wars with the Persians under Hor-
misdas, 444
Romans, the, and their power in Asia, 404
•——, the, enter into a treaty with the
Parthians, 406
; the, and their campaign under Lucul-
lus in Armenia, 406
the, and their first campaign in Parthia
under Crassus, 407
———, second invasion of Parthia by the, defeat
and death of Crassus, 409-411
-----, the, under Antony, invade Parthia,
and are defeated, 413, 414
———, the, and their campaigns in Galilee
under Vespasian and Titus, 417, 418
— , the, invade Assyria under Trajan, 419
, the, descend the rivers Euphrates and
Tigris, 419, 420
, the, commence the Nahr Malkd, 419
, unsuccessful expedition of the, against
the Hagarenes, 420, 421
---- , the, under Cassius, defeat the Persians,
421
----- , the, under Severus, march against the
Parthians, and descend the Euphrates,
421
•-----, the, enter the Tigris by the Nahr
Malka, and capture Ctesiphon, 421
, the, ascend the Tigris to Upper Mesopotamia,
421
— , second and third siege of Atra (El
Hadhr) by the, 421, 422
■----- , the, in Great Britain, 422
, invasion of the territories of the Parthians
and Persians by the, under Ar-
taxerxes, 422, 423
, the, defeat Artaxerxes, 423
, Borani Scythians invade the territories
of the, 424
——, the, defeated by Sapor, and Valerian
taken prisoner, 424
----- , invasion of the European provinces
of the, by the Goths, &c., 424
—— civil war of the, and accession of
Regillianus, 425
—— provinces of the, in Asia laid waste by
the Persians under Sapor, 425
Romans, the, assisted by Odenatus, defeat
the Persians, 425, 426
-■•••• ■;■, destruction of Palmyra by the, 428-
43°
, embassies from king Hormisdas, and
from China, &c., to the, 430
, Galerius, Diocletian’s general of the,
defeats the Persians, 430
, the, enter into a treaty with Persia,
430 • , wars of the, under Constantius with
the Persians under Sapor II., 430-433
, retreat of the, commenced from Ctesiphon
under Julian, 439
, death of Julian, and nomination of
Jovian by the, 439
| , the, retreat under Jovian, 440, 441
, the, under Belisarius, are defeated by
the Persians, 442
k f * r - *, Antioch taken by Chosroes I. from
the, 443,444
, the, defeat Chosroes, 444
, the, assist Chosroes II. to put down
the rebellion of Varanes, 445
, wars with Chosroes II., 445, 446
Route by the Nile to India, 580
Route through Barbary, 585
-------------Aleppo and along the Euphrates,
585
to Central Asia, from Constantinople,
585 • through the Persian Gulf and along
the Euphrates and Tigris, 589
-------------Syria to the Persian Gulf, opened
by Queen Elizabeth, 590-593
Routes from Babylonia to Greece, 225
through Syria and Arabia, 569, 570
from Tyre, 570
by sea to China, 571
through Central Asia, 571-573
------------ India, the Panj-ab, &c,, 572
to India through Egypt, 585
from Asia by the rivers Wolga and
Don, 587
, commercial, through Asia Minor,
&c., by Sivaz, Tabriz, Khorasan, &c;, 587,
588
(see Caravan Routes), 92, 93, 124,
169
Roxana, her marriage with Alexander, 317
endeavours to secure the throne, 380,
381
and her son Alexander are murdered
by Cassander, 391
Ruad, or Aradus, 276
Rudah, an ancient mouth of the Indus, and
now dry, 373
Rudolph of Bruges introduces algebra into
Europe, 560
Rum, or Anadoli, a Seljukian kingdom,
473
Hulakii extends his dominion over the
princes of, 491
, Tai’mur’s campaign in, 494
subdivided after the time of Mdlik
Sh&h, 497
Rum Kal’ah, 610
Russia, and Batu’s territories in, named the
Kiptshak, 490
— — and the proposed combined march to
India, 536, 537
Russian wars with the Turks, 502-504
trade with Persia, 595, 596 ,
— —------with Central Asia, 596
exports and imports to and from Asia,
596
Russians, the, encourage trade, 596
SaM, the name of Meroe, 47
, or M&reb, 50
, Ard-es, locality so called, 83
, afterwards Meroe, probably identical
with Sheba, 123
----- of Yemen probably identical with
Sheba, 123
, or M£reb, probably the Marsyaba of
iElius Gallus, 415
——, a'nomad tribe of Arabia, 448
Sabacus, or So, king of Egypt, 140
Sabaeans and Berbers of Abyssinia, 456
Sabean followers of Cush, called Chaldeans,
53
Sabaei and Homeritae one people, 46,47,123
■r-—i and the Himyarites the same people,
73
, caravan routes of the early, 124
Sabaism, probably existed previously to the
deluge, 15
, said to have been founded by Cain,
Seth, and Enoch, 9, 20
, at one time general in the world, 57
Abraham’s conversion from, 63
—— of the shepherd race of Egypt, 74
of the Persians, 184
—•, the ancient religion of Greece, 517
Sabatha captured by Julian, 438
Sabbas or Sambus, king of the territory,
now called Sinde, submits to Alexander,
338
Sabektekin, a* Turkish leader, 469
Sabtah, in Arabia, 50
Sacea, festival held at Babylon the night of
its capture by Cyrus, 166
Sadder, the compendium of the Zend-avestd,
183
Safet, or Jotapata, formerly Bethuliah, 151
Sa'ihun (formerly the Sarus), crossed by
Cyrus, probably near Adan&h, 210, 211
Sa’in Kal’eh, 413
Sakai Tutan (Beard Catcher), Cyrus at,
. 211
Sakala (see Sangala), 330, 331
Salaam, ’Abd-Allah Ibn an instructor of
Muhammed, 452
Salagassians subjected by Alexander, 267
Sal&h-ed-din’s early campaigns against the
Crusaders, 476
assumes the chief command in Egypt,
476
— takes Gaza, and becomes viceroy of
j Egypt, 476
, distribution of A1 ’Adbed’s treasure
by, 477
, change of his character, 477
Saláh-ed-dín, proceeds against Damascus,
&c.; returns to Egypt, and assumes the
title of sultán, 477 ■ unsuccessful against the Crusaders in
Palestine, and retreats to Egypt, 478
’s campaigns in Mesopotamia, Syria,
and Yemen, 478
is brother destroys the fleets of the Crusaders
on the Red Sea, 478, 479
—— gains possession of Aleppo, 479
takes Tiberias, and defeats the Crusaders
near Hattin, 479
takes Jerusalem, 479
improves the condition of Jerusalem,
480
besieges Tyre ineffectually, 480
withdraws from ’Akká to defend Constantinople,
481
------defeated by Barbarossa, 481
throws reinforcements into ’Akká, 480,
482
surrenders ’Akká to the Crusaders,
482
is defeated on the plains of Arsúf, 483
-• >iV. retires to Damascus, and his death,
483 . I
i | á i | ’s origin, and character, 483
, extent of the empire of, 484
Salamis, Xerxes’ fleet defeated by that of the
Greeks at, 195
Salatis, the first of the shepherd kings of
Egypt, 73
, Memphis the seat of government of,
73
Salem, the seat of government of the early
Shemites, 26
, Melchizedec’s government at, 26
Salmonte, where Alexander meets Nearchus
on returning from India with his fleet,
351, 352
Samarkand, the capital of the empire founded
by the Himyarites in Bactria, called after
Shamar, an Arab prince, 81
, inscriptions on the gates of, resemble
those found at Yacuta, 81, 84
, once Maracanda, the capital of, 312
taken by Genghis Khán, 489
Taimur’s capital, 492
■ trade with, 581
*----- and Kashmir, manufactures of paper,
583
Samaritans interrupt the rebuilding of the
temple, 172
Samarrah, probably near the ruins of
Opis, 361
ruins of, supposed to represent Sambana,
364
once the capital of Másabadán, 364
Sambana, Alexander’s army on its march towards
Media, halt at, 364
supposed to be represented by the ruins
of Samarrah, 364
Sambatse of Ptolemy, situation, &c. of the,
147 ( n o t e )
Samius, admiral of the Lacedaemonian fleet,
sent to assist Cyrus, 204
Sammarrah, military station at, 465