CONTENTS.
—Invasion of Hyrcania.—Campaigns in Khor&sdn and Drangiana.—Alexandria ad
Caucasum built.—Invasion of Bactria.—Passage of the Oxus.—March to Maracanda
and the Jaxartes.—Siege o f Cyropolis.—Activity of Spitamenes.—Warlike People
north of the Paropamisus.—Capture of the Fort of Oxyartes.— Alexander’s Marriage
to Roxana.—Expedition into Margiana.—Hill Fort of the Parcetacoe taken.—Winter
a t Zariaspa, and Death of Clitus.—Return across the Paropamisus, and March to the
Indus.—Siege of Aomas.—Visit to Nysa.—Alexander passes the Indus and defeats
Porus,—Sakala taken.—The Army refuses to cross the River Hyphasis.
C H A P T E R XL
[Page 339 to 378J
MARCH OF ALEXANDER FROM THE INDUS-TO SUSA AND BABYLON; AND VOYAGE
OF NEARCHUS TO THE FORMER CITY.
Preparations for the return of the Army and Fleet.—Projected Trade with India as the
basis of the intended Commerce.—Alexander abandons his purposed Conquests in
Eastern India.—Descent o f the Indus and despatch of Forces under Craterus and
Hephsestion.—Alexander crosses the Desert.—The Difficulties of the March.—He
reaches Kirm<£n.—Slow descent of Nearchus.—Halt at Karachee.—Advance to the
River Arabius, and along the coast of the Oritae.—Voyage to Cape ’Arabah, the Town
of Mosarna, and the extremity of the Coast of the Ichthyophagi.—The Fleet reaches
Cape Jask and Harmozia.—Nearchus meets Alexander.—Voyage continued to Diri-
dotus or Teredon.—Ascent of the Pasitigris to Agines and Susa.—Ancient and modern
Distances of the Voyage.—Games and Sacrifices at Susa.—Asiatics and Europeans to
be united by Marriages and other means.—Discontent of the Army.—The general
employment of Asiatic Mercenaries.—Former project of Commerce.—Geography of
the K arun and Kerkhah.—Alexander ascends the Tigris to Opis.—Bunds and Dikes.__
Mutiny a t Opis.—Alexander goes to Susa.—Advance across the Zagros into Media;—
Visit to the Nisaean plains.—March against the Cosscei and to Babylon.—Alexander’s
preparations.—Reinforcements of vessels and troops.—His gigantic projects, and
Death.—Digression on the Course, Risings, Flooding, &c., o f the Indus.
CH AP T E R XII.
[Page 379 to 400.]
THE SUCCESSORS OF ALEXANDER, FROM 323 B.C. TO 246 B.C.
State of the Empire at the time of Alexander’s Death.—Threatened Hostilities.—Arrangements
for the Succession.—The variqus Governors retain their situations.—Roxana
puts Statira and her Sister to Death.—Eumenes enters Cappadocia.—Death of Per-
diccas.—Defeat and Blockade of Eumenes.—Invasion o f Phoenicia, and March towards
Babylonia.—The Army of Eumenes escapes from an Inundation, and enters Susiana.
—Eurydice and Philip put to Death by Olympias;—Campaigns in Susiana.—March
through the Cosssean Mountains.—Campaign in Media.—Drawn Battle, and Death of
Eumenes.—Antigonus settles the minor Governments.—Combinations against, and
Preparations of Antigonus.—Antigonus marches into Asia Minor.—Demetrius Defeated
near Gaza.—The Nabatheans, and Expeditions of Antigonus against Petra.—Roxana
and her son Alexander murdered by Cassander.—Barsine, Hercules, and Olympias
put to Death.—Antigonus and the other successors of Alexander assume regal titles.—
Expeditions of Antigonus and Demetrius: they proceed against Egypt, and are repulsed.—
Demetrius besieges Rhodes, and fails in repeated Attacks.—Sieges of F ortresses
in ancient and modern times.—Seleucus extends his Empire into India.—His Treaty
with Sandrocottus, and March into Asia Minor.—Forces assembled under Seleucus and
Antigonus near Ipsus.—Result of the Battle.—Subdivision of Alexander’s Empire into
four great Kingdoms.—Demetrius is taken, and dies in Captivity.—Death and Character
of Seleucus.—Accession of Ptolemy Philadelphus.—Prosperity of Egypt under
this Monarch.
C H A P T E R XI I I .
[Page 401 to 446.]
GLANCE AT THE PARTHIAN AND ROMAN WARS, FROM 2 2 2 B.C. TO A.D. 631.
Seleucus Callinicus invades Parthia.—His Death.—Parthia becomes independent.—Antio-
chus thé Great succeeds.—Suppression of the Rebellions in Media and Persia.—Ptolemy
Philopater gains Palestine and Coelo-Syria, and visits Jerusalem.—Increase of the
Roman power in Asia.—Demetrius Nicator invades Parthia, and is taken prisoner.—
Extension of the Parthian Dominions.—Judicious Polity of Mithridates.—Antioclius
Sidetes invades Parthia, and is killed in battle.—Pacorus, King o f Parthia, seeks the
friendship of the Romans.—Campaign of Lucullus in Armenia.—Pontus becomes a
Roman province.—Crassus invades Parthia.—Surena takes the Field.—Fate of the
Roman army.—Surena’s Triumph a t Ctesiphon.—Surena’s Death.—Circuitous march
o f Antony into Media.—Siege of the Capital.—Retreat from Praaspa to the Araxes.—
Augustus proclaimed Emperor.—Preparations of Ælius Gallus.—March o f the Roman
Army into Arabia Felix.—Return of the Expedition to Egypt.—Siege of Jotapata by
the Romans.—State of Jerusalem.—Siege and Capture o f the City.—Massacre of the
Inhabitants.—Trajan’s Accession.—Invasion of Assyria, and descent of the River
Euphrates.—The Nahr-Malkâ opened for the passage of his Fleet.—Capture of Ctesiphon,
and descent to the Persian Gulf.—Return of Trajan.—Siege of Atra.—Severus
descends the Euphrates.—Passage of the Nahr-Malkâ, and Capture of Ctesiphon.—
Second and third Siege of Atra.—Retreat of Severus.—Wars of Sapor, and Capture
of Valerian.—Invasion of the Roman Provinces in Europe by the Goths, &c.—Rise of
Odenatus, Prince of Palmyra.—He makes War on Sapor.—Death of Odenatus.—
Zenobia seizes some of the Roman Provinces.—Her contests with Aurelian.—Siege
and Fall of Palmyra..—Galerius Defeats the Persians.—Wars of Sapor II. and Con-
stantius.—Remarkable Siege of Nisibis.—Rise of Julian.—His preparations for War.
—Descent of the River Euphrates with a Fleet and Army to Anatho.—Fearful Hurricane
encountered when approaching this City.—Descent of the River continued.—
Siege and Capture of Perisaboras, &c.—Julian crosses Mesopotamia to Ctesiphon.—|
Retreat and Death of Julian.—Jovian succeeds and effects a Retreat with the Roman
Army.—Belisarius is Defeated by the Persians.—Chosroes invades Syria, and Captures
Antioch.—Chosroes is routed by Justinian.—Second Invasion of the Roman
Territories, and total Defeat of Chosroes.—Rebellion of Varanes put down by
Chosroes.—Decline of the Persian power.
C H A P T E R XIV.
[Page 447 to 470.]
GLANCE AT ARABIAN HISTORY DURING THE REIGN OF THE EARLIER KHALITHS,
’FROM A.D. 40 TO 1097.
Early connection of Arabia with other Countries.—Central situation and geographical
position of this Territory.—Flood of E l Arim.—Foundation o f the kingdoms of Ghassan
and Hiràh.—Conquests of the Tobbaï.—Invasion and Conquest of Yemen by the