Civilization spreads from Bactria to India, I
China, &c., 506, 507, 508
in Europe advanced by sages travelling
to the East, 514, 515
Clearchus is sent to support Cyrus, 204
—*—, dispute at Carmandse between the
Greek followers of, and those of Menon,
&c., 214
■----- causes the loss of the battle of Cunaxa,
218
—— , his reply to Artaxerxes when summoned
to surrender, 218
leads the Greeks to the camp of Arigeus,
218
.»——r-, his negotiations with the Persians, and
their failure, 219, 220
beheaded by Artaxerxes, 221
Cleaveland, Commander, R. N., Report on
the navigation of the Euphrates ( A p p
e n d i x I . )
Clemens and other Christian fathers from
the east, 542
Cleopatra, sister of Alexander, murdered
by Antigonus, 392
Cleopatris, a flotilla for JElius Gallus collected
at, 414
Clibanarii of the Persians, or Cataphractarii,
423
Climax, Mount, Alexander marches round,
267
Clitus murdered by Alexander at Zariaspa,
318
Cloudy Mountains, or Bulut Tagh, 368
Cnidus, Lacedaemonian fleet defeated by
Pharnabazus, near, 246
Codomanus (see Darius Codomanus), 260
Coenae, the 10,000 Greeks halt opposite to
this city, 221
■, position of, 221
Ccenus transports vessels from Attock to the
Indus, 324
at the battle of the Hydaspes, 328,
329
, his reply to Alexander, 338
Cogamus, Cyrus march to Chonos paralleled
with, 205
Cogoon, town of, station of Nearchus’ fleet,
353
Colchis, intercourse between Egypt and,
109
p voyage of the Argonauts to, 113
, murder of Phryxus at, the cause of
the voyage of the Argonauts, 113
, Belus expelled the Egyptian colony
left by Sesostris in, 115
Colchians defeated in the valley of Gumish
Khanah, 234
Cologne, archbishop of, 552
Colossae, Cyrus arrives at, 205
Comagene, or Euphratesia, Chosroes I.
marches to, 444
Comets, &c., idea of the Chaldeans concerning
the appearance of, 58
Commerce of Egypt promoted by Psamme-
ticus, 153
carried on with the East from Phoenicia,
"Tyre, Egypt, &c., 340
Commerce with the East projected by Alexander,
338, 339, 341
, great projects contemplated by Alexander
for the advance of, 366
—— fleet collected by Alexander on the
Euphrates, for, 368
of Egypt extended by Ptolemy II.,
399
of the Venetians and Genoese, 534
with Babylon encouraged by Queen
Elizabeth, 534
with India by the Euphrates route,
535
through Egypt, attempted by the
French under Napoleon, 535
— — of the Greeks limited, 573
of the Rhodians and Carians, 573, 574
of the Romans and Arabs to India, 580 .
— 'r- a study in Arabia, 581
of the Arabs by barter, &c., 582, 583
established by England with India by
sea, 589
of Britain in 1354 compared with
1845, 594
of the Levant, in 1836, 594
----------- , cause of its decline, 594
from India to Arabia, 598
an object of the Euphrates Expedition,
599 : •••
from the Euphrates to India and
China, 584
of the Arabs and Jews to China, 584
between Europe and the East carried
on by Jews, 584, 585
between Constantinople and Asia, 585
between Rai, Central Asia, Caspian
Sea, &c., 582
- - — consequent on the opening of the Euphrates,
and its extension to Arabia and
other countries, 600-603 and (.Appendix
N.) •
Commercial voyages undertaken by Marco
Polo and others, 533-535
routes through Asia Minor, 587, 588
duties established in England, 588
treaties established by England, 588
openings in Mesopotamia, 600
relations of France with Persia (A p pendix
Gì)
opening and calculation of expense
(Appendix N.)
Company proposed for trade in Mesopotamia
( Appendix N. )
Confectionery used by the court of Al M&-
mun, 461
Confusion of tongues, and the dispersion of-
mankind, 28
Congoon, bay of, the station of Nearchus’
fleet, called Apostani, 353
Coniah, term of contempt applied to Jehoia-
chin, 157
Conrad of Montserrat defends Tyre, 480
Constantine, patriarch of Jerusalem, was in
correspondence with Charlemagne, 547
•-----, of Africa, 558
, the works of, published at Basle, 559,
560
Constantinople taken by the Crusaders, 484
beleagured by ’Osm&n, 498
besieged and taken by the Turks
under Miihammed II., 499
———, threatened by the British fleet, 503
, speedy armament of the batteries, 503
the seat of Genoese trade, 585
, cisterns of, 660
, its exports and imports to and from
England, 1839-40 (Appendix F.)
its exports to Persia ( Appendix F .)
-—— and Trebizond steamers to, (Appendix
mmm 1 Constantius, wars between Sapor II. and,
430-433
dies when proceeding against Julian,
433
Consuls, French, appointed to Persia (A p pendix
G.)
Contessa Gulf (Strymonicus Sinus), canal
of Xerxes through Mount Athos, to connect
the gulf of Monte Santo with the,
191
Cool-band-creek of Nearchus' voyage, situation
of, 354
Coomza (see Cape Maceta), 350
Copper, ivory, and wood used in writing, 630
Coprates, the, or river of Dizful, 298
Antigonus’ army crosses the,- 384
Coptos, iElius Gallus at, 415
, canal of, 579
Coracles, Irish and Welsh, 641
Corduene in Assyria, retreat of Julian towards,
439
Corbie, university of, 547
Cordynas, Mount, the highest of the Gor-
dyaean chain, 418
-t—, Trajan’s bridge across the Tigris at,
418 <
Coreatis, Nearchus’ fleet reaches, 345
, the fleet sails from, to the island of
Krokola, 345
Coronea, Agesilaus defeats the Persians at,
246
Corsote, probably represented by El Erzi,
reached by Cyrus, 214
Coryeus captured by the Romans under
Balista, 426
Cossoei, the, subdued by Alexander, 302
——, Alexander proceeds against and subdues
the, 365
, principal seat of the, at Khorramabad,
or Kuh Siyah, 365
, Antigonus’ army cross the mountains
of the, 385
Cotyora (probably Ordoit), inhospitable
treatment of the 10,000 at, 237
, voyage of the Greeks from, 237, 238
Cramians, Ceramonum Agora the market
of the, 206 i
Crassus appointed governor of Syria, 407
—— , means adopted to increase the revenue
of Syria by, 407
-----, his reception of the envoys from
Orodes, 408
---- * crosses the Euphrates to meet the
Parthians, 409
Crassus defeated by Surena near the river
Belik, and retreats, 410, 411
probable situation of the battle-ground,
412
-----, fate of, and of the army, 411, 412 ’
Craterus, a general of Alexander, 303
commands a division of the army,
305
carries on the blockade of Cyropolis,
313
ordered by Alexander to rebuild the
Indian city of Arigseum, 320
at the battle of the Hydaspes, 326, 329
commands a division of the army along
the Hydaspes, 334
is despatched to Kirman to collect
resources, 342
, route of, to Kirman, 344
returns to Macedonia in charge of invalided
soldiers, 3.64
: -- - defeated and killed by Eumenes after
Alexander’s death, 381
Ctobsus visited by Solon, 520
Cremona, Gerhard of, 555
Crete colonized by the Phoenicians, 95
---- , the point of departure of the Tyrian
Hercules, 95
, Phoenician remains found in, 95 ( note)
Crimea, the golden camp of the Kiptshak,
490
, origin of the Golden Horde in the,
491
| added to Russia, 491, 503
Critales in Cappadocia, Xerxes marches to,
-192
, the rendezvous of the levies from the
eastward for Xerxes’ army, 192
Cronus or Ham, called II. by the Phoenicians,
20
and by the Greeks Saturn, 58
Crusaders, the, advantages promised to, 474
, under Bohemund, take Antioch, 474
return a haughty reply to the ruler of
Egypt, 475
take Ramla, Jerusalem, ’Akka, and
Kai'fa, &c., 475
, establishment of the Latin kingdom
of Jerusalem by, 475
, their unsuccessful attempt to regain
Egypt, 476
, their fleets on the Red Sea destroyed
by Salah-ed-din’s brother, 478
, lose Sinjar, Aleppo, &c., 479
defeated by Salah-ed-din at Hattin and
consequences, 479
, lose Jerusalem, 479, 480
, preserve Tyre, 480
besiege ’Akki, and are enclosed by
Sal&h-ed-din, 480
• ----, battles of, before ’Akka, 480
receive reinforcements under Philip II.
of France, and Richard I. of England,
482
——> t length obtain ’Akk&by capitulation,
482
■ under Richard I. demolish ’Askulan,
&c., defeat Salah-ed-din at Arsuf, 483