Persia, Jovian enters into a treaty with,
440, 441
•?- - ■ ' invaded by Belisarius, 443
—— subdues Yemen, 450
divided into several dynasties, 491 ■ ---- -, southern, subjected bjr Taimur, 492,
493
i , after Taimur’s death, retained by his
son, 496 ■ partly subdued by the Turkomans,
called the white sheep, 496
—— and the Sophi dynasty, 496, 497
, territory of, taken by Russia from, 497
partly subjected by Selim I., 500
Persian empire at the death of Cyaxares,
169
—— , Cyrus’ accession to the throne of, 169,
170
j------under Cambyses, 173, 175
----- 1 the government of, statistically managed
by Darius, 176
——, the extent of, under Darius, 180
consolidated by Ahasuerus, 198 ■ ------accession of Arsaces, or Artaxerxes,
to the, 203, 204 ■ ----- , nature of the governments and satrapies
of the, 243
*■—- weakened by the contending interests
of its satraps, 244
—— , disturbed state of, towards the close of
Artaxerxes* reign, 244-250
, Ochus, son of Artaxerxes, ascends the
throne of, 250
army, the, defeated at Arbela, and loss
in the battle, 292-295
■o ■ Gulf entered by Nearchus’ fleet, 350
nobles appointed to commands in Alexander’s
army, 363 ■ ------ corps, the Argyraspides, raised by
Alexander, 363
empire, the, established by Artaxerxes
on the ruins of that of Parthia, 422
provinces ceded to the Romans by
Narses, 430
Gulf, and factories upon, 581
—— and Arabian Gulfs, trade from the,
to India, 593,597, 598 (and A p p e n d i x H . )
Persians, the, Cushites called the ancestors
of the, 33 ■ ----- , empire of the, arose on the ruins of the
. Assyrian, JL 52
Evil-Merodach causes war between
the Medes and, 161,162
.----- war with Greece, and defeat of the,
186-188
-----, revolt of Egypt from the, 188
-----Cyrus’ promise to the, 204 ■ -----, the, under Artaxerxes, invade the Roman
territory, 422, 423
----, Odenatus takes arms against the, 425
■, successful wars of the Romans and
Palmyreans against the, 425,;426 ■ -----, the, in the reign of Kobad, invaded
the Roman territories, and defeat
Belisarius, 442
.----- , the, under Chosroes, invade Syria and
take Antioch, 442, 443
Persians, the, wars of, with the Romans,
under Hormisdas, 444
power, decline of the, 445
, the, and Hindus from a common stock
511
trade by sea, 571, 577, 645
monuments at Bisutiin, 618 { A p p e n d
i x C . )
Persis, or Fârs, and Alexander’s advance to
the Persian Gates, 299, 300
Péshâwur, probably Peukelaotis, 319
Peshawarun, or Prophthasia, 306
Petagyas warns Cyrus of the approach of
Artaxerxes, 217
Petchilee gulf, journey to the, 572
Peter the Hermit urges a crusade, 473,
474
Petra, Wddi, 22
Petra, Antigonus’ expedition against, 390,
391
Peuce, on the Danube, where Alexander
experienced a check, 259
Peucestas appointed satrap of Pasagarda by
Alexander, 358
—— feasts the army of Eumenes at Per-
sepolis, 386
dispossessed of his satrapy by Antigonus,
388
Peukelaotis, possibly Péshâwur, taken by
Alexander’s generals, 319
Pharacote, a son of Amassia, 41
Pharaoh Necho commences a canal at Suëz,'
153
■---- , the fleet of, circumnavigates Africa,
154 -•--- , campaigns of, 154, 155
, the canal of, continued by Darius
Hystaspes, 189
Phamabazus defeated by the ten thousand
Greeks at Calpæ, 240
■—— extent of the satrapy of, 243, 244
and Tissaphernes combine to expel the
Greeks from Asia, 244
■-3?'s-.,-, invasion of the satrapy of, by the
Greeks under Dercyllidas, 244
Pharnak, the Armenian kingdom was consolidated
by, 133
resists the invasions of the Assyrians
and Babylonians, 133
Pharos, probable intention of the builder of
the towers of, 80
built by Abrahah or Dhulmetoar, 80
erected [by Ptolemy II., and^its cost,
399
Pharsalia, 413
Phaselis (now Tekrova), taken by Alexander,
267
Phasis, colony founded on the, by the followers
of Sesostris, 109 • (see Aras) derived from Pasih, or
Pasiani district, 229 ( n o t e ) '■
Phathusæ, or Anatho, 435
—j—, hurricane encountered by Julian’s
army at, 435
Phenice, afterwards Bezabde, 433
Pherecydes and Pythagoras, tenets of, 540
Philadelphus (Ptolémy II.), 399
Philesius, general of the ten thousand
Greeks, sent with the aged from Ter&bu-
ziin, 235
Philip, son of Amyntas, and his competitors
for the throne or Macedonia, 253,254
, the education and policy of, 254
—— conquers the Illyrians, &c., 254, 255
—■— marries Olympias, 255
, the conquests and extent of the kingdom
of, and the birth of Alexander, 255
, the election of, as general of the Am-
phictyons, causes war with the Athenians,
&c., 255
■■ gains the battle of Chgeronea, 256
—— is elected autocrator of Greece, and
attempts the conquest of Asia, 256
divorces Olympias, and is assassinated
by Pausanius, 256
• succeeded by Alexander, 257
Philip II. of France assists the Crusaders,
482
Philistines, the, were descended,, from the
Pathrusim and Casluhim, 21
Philosophy of the east introduced into
Europe, &c., 309, 310, and Chap. XYI.
Philotas, Alexander’s general, 300
—— executed for conspiracy, 307
Philoteras, near Kosseir, probably the port
through which the early intercourse between
Arabia and Egypt was maintained,
91 Phocians, commerce of the, 574
g- .■ -, the, found Marseilles and cities on the
coast of Italy, 574
Phcenica (see Fenik village)
Phoenicia submits to Alexander, 276, 277
, formerly a satrapy of Persia, 276
-----, siege of Tyre, the bulwark of, 278,
279 • ---- , Alexander’s march through, towards
Egypt, 284 , y -•--- , and a knowledge of the Indian trade
acquired there by Alexander, 309
—— , caravan route of, connected with its
sea trade between China and Persian
Gulf, 309, 570, 573
——, and war of Antiochus the Great in, 403
| early trade of, 569
Phoenicians (from Pingacsha), or the Yellow
Hindus, Lieut. Wilford’s supposition concerning,
46
and Egyptian Cushites introduce the
arts and sciences into Europe, 48
- — language Shemitic, 84
———, origin of the, 86 • emigrants spread knowledge to remote
countries, 88 ■ ----- , caravan routes, trade, and products of
the early, 92, 93
—— settle in the Egyptian capital, 92
——-, separate kingdoms of the, partly
dependent on Tyre, and worshipped the
Tyrian Hercules, 93 ■ the, founded colonies in Greece, and
islands colonized by the, 94, 95 -•----* settlement of the shepherds among
the, 94
Phoenicians, use of ships by the early, 94
——, the distaht enterprises of the, 96
, settlements in Spain, &c., three centuries
anterior to Carthage, 96
——, trade by land led to that by sea, 96
, inscription at Marseilles, 96
, the shepherds under Arcles, or Certus,
found the kingdom of the, 112
, early colonies in Spain of, 114
, early knowledge of navigation of the,
124,125
, the, conducted the first voyages to
Ophir, 127, 128
trade extended by the Tyrians 127,128
colonies on the west coast of Africa,
128
voyages to the Baltic, Britain, &c.,
128
trade in metals, 128
, the, employed by Pharaoh Necho to
circumnavigate Africa, 154
colonies sent from Carthage to Ireland,
&c., 190 '
, maritime enterprises of the, 190
-——, the, first reach Britain from Cadiz, 575
remains in Malta, 617
Phra (see Furrah), 306
Phraata, or Praaspa, the Atropatenian Ec-
batana, now Takhti Soleïmân, 413
, Antony s circuitous march to, 413
■——, siege of, by Antony, 413
Phraates II. succeeds Mithridates, 405
defeated by Antiochus Sidetes, 405
«----- , death of, 405
succeeded by Artabanus, 405
III. attempts to reinstate Tigranes
on the throne of Armenia, 406
seeks an asylum with Tigranes, 406
Phraortes, or Aphaxad, succeeds Dejoces, on
the throne of Media, 146
——, conquests of, and his rebellion against
Nebuchodonosor, 146
Phrygian commerce succeeds the Rhodian,
573
Phryxus’ voyage to Colchis, 113
•— —, the, murder of, gave rise to the voyage
of the Argonauts, 113
Phut, son of Ham, born in Peræa, 19
-, But, or Put, in Chaldaic, and the
Bhud of the east, 19,33
supposed to have been king of Kusdi-
Khorâsân, 19
Physcus river, the ten thousand Greeks
reach the, 221
Physician sent from India to Harun-el-
Rashid, 584
Pictorial representations on embroidered
stuffs, carpets, &c., 584
Picus, a name given to Ninus, king of Lydia,
&c., during his campaigns in Asia, 115
Pinara (now Minara) taken by Alexander
2 6 7
Pinarus (now the Deli-châï), 271
Pingacsha (Phoenicians), 46
Pintiyâni, one mouth of the Indus, 372
Pinyari river .forms one side of the present
Delta of the Indus, 372