Artaphernes, general of Darius, 187
Artaxauce recovered from the Persians by
the Romans, 423
Artaxata, the city of, besieged by Phraates
P ig 406
Artaxerxes Macrochir, or Longimanus, 148,
198
, third son of Xerxes, usurps the throne,
198
-----puts Artabanes to death. 198
defeats his brother in Bactriana, 198
•• his banquet at Shushan, and divorce
of Vashti, 198, 199
raises Esther to the throne, 199
• —*— empowers Esdras to rebuild the temple
of Jerusalem, 199
, his reception of Themistocles, 199
- prepares for a war with Greece, 199
defeated by the Greeks under Cimou,
200
—— death of, and his successor Xerxes, 200
- /(Arsaces), succeeds Darius Nothus,
203
known as Mnemon among the Greeks,
203
, Cyrus rebels against, 203
, army of, 215, 216
retreats before Cyrus, 216
advances, gains the battle of Cunaxa,
216-218
treachery to the Greeks at the Zab,
221
... ■. his forces harass the Greeks, 223, 224
- governments and satrapies, 244, 245
rescript of, to the Greeks, 247
•----- sends an army into Cyprus against
Evagoras, 247
—— expedition of, against the Cadusians, 248
second rescript of, 248
pardons Tachos, 248, 249
—— troubled state of the empire of, 249
declares Darius his successor, 249
———, death and character of, 249, 250
Artaxerxes establishes the Persian power in
Parthia, 422
is defeated by the Romans, 423 .
, inscription at Persepolis relating to
( A p p e n d i x D . )
Artemisia, bravery of, at Salamis, 195
Artemisium, battle of, 195
Artillery used at the siege of Constantinople
by Muhammed II., 499, 500
Arts in use by the people of the old world, 8
Artychas, or Tiglath-Pileser, king of Assyria,
138
.----- , succeeded his father Pul, or Sosarmus,
138 ,
* — —, a separate government under, 138,139
— — invades Judea and carries the inhabitants
captive, 139
, wars of, with the kings of Syria and
Israel, 139
receives the treasures of the Temple,
139
Aryandic, coin of Egypt, 189
Aryat, or Aruat, the first of the Abyssinian
kings over Yemen, 450
Aryavarta the holy land of the Brahmins»
507, 508
Asabd, Saba or Sheba, South, 123
Asca (Cisca) taken by the Romans, 415
Ascanazians, another name of the Ha'ika-
nians, 41
, settlement of, in Pontus, 43
Ascent of the Euphrates by Commander
Campbell, 599
Ashtola, probably the island of Karnine, 348
Ashur, the sons of, subjected a second time,
24
, probably the Larissa of Xenophon, 222
Asia, first landing of the Greeks in, 119
, Alexander’s proposed invasion of, 259
•, from the time of Xerxes to Darius
Codomanus, 260
weakness of the governments of, 261,
262
the Macedonians land in, 263
, progress of the Roman power in, 404
— —, intercourse between Europe and, 472
, philosophy and the sciences derived
from, 508
, the Scandinavian worship from, 513
, colonies entered Ireland from, 513
, the Huns, Bulgarians, Hungarians,
&c., settle in Europe from, 514
-, knowledge of the ancient sages derived
from, 514, 515
——, astronomy, &c., derived from, 517
Minor occupied by Ham, 18
----------- submits to Alexander, 268
:—> wars in, of Antiochus the Great,
403 —--------- connects Asia with Europe, 515
----------- , commerce with Persia, 595
------ , manufactures of, 631
Asiatic army raised by Alexander, 363
- history an introduction to that of
Europe, 505, 506
colonies to Europe, 513
dwellings described, 624
products sought in all times, 568
Asiatics and early Egyptians compared, 34
, spread of the, to America, 508
Asidates, Persian chief, Xenophon captures
the wife and family of, 242
Askulan, Salah-ed-din defeated by the Crusaders
near, 478
taken by the Muslims, 479
taken and demolished by the Crusaders
under Richard I., 482, 483
, the Karismians raze the fortifications
of, 485
Asmah, a king of the Himyarites, 80
Asopus, Mardonius’ army encamp on the
river, 196
Asphaltites, Demetrius retreats from Petra
towards the lake, 391
Aspii, campaign of Alexander against the,
319
, are defeated, 320
, cattle of the, sent to Greece, 320
Assakenes, Alexander’s campaign against
the, 320, 321
, revolt of the, against Alexander, 323
Assaal, Al, son and successor of Salah-ed-
din, 484 *
loses Egypt, &c., 484
Assan, ’Othman Ibn, (see ’Othmân)
Assis or Asith, a shepherd king, 74
or Assith added five intercalary days
to the year, 74
Assur, called Athur by the inhabitants, 419
Assyria occupied by the descendants of
Shem, 23
, Nimriid wars with, 24
i , a separate kingdom from Mesopotamia
in the time of Cushan-Rashathaim, 106
— , war between Armenia and, 106, 107
subdued by Belus, 115
——, the remains near Nineveh throw light
on the history of, 136
, history of, connected with that of
Judea, &c., 137, 138
, conquests of, under Pul and his son
Tiglath-Pileser, 138, 139
■ — -, the Jews carried captive into, 139,
140, 141
, conquests of, under Shalmaneser, 140,
141
sends colonies into Syria, 141
— T-, idolatry of, introduced into Samaria,
141
Sennacherib, king of, 141, 142
» divided after Sennacherib’s death, 144
Esarhaddon ascends the throne of, 145
■■■ reunion of Babylonia and, 145
its history supplied by the book of
Judith, 148
inroad of the Scythians into, 152, 153
Pharaoh Necho’s invasion of, overthrown
by Nebuchadnezzar, 155
— declared a Roman province by Trajan,
420
——— laid waste by the Romans under Are-
thas, 443
, remains described in Mr. Hector’s
letter, 136,137
Assyrian dominion founded by Nimrud, 65
i s j l l characters more modern than the
Himyaritic, 84
and Median dynasties explained, 135
— • empire and line of kings, probably uninterrupted,
136
, antiquity of the remains of, 604
■ architecture, carried to other countries,
612
inscriptions and characters of, 628,629
Assyrians, or Syrians, also Arameans and
Mesopotamians, 31
, possessions of the, after the Dispersion,
31
, (Athuri),were Chaldeans or Syrians, 31
, the, identical with the Nabatheans,
&c., 31
, the, divided into several tribes, 31
, the, introduced literature, &c., into
India, 34
, the, introduced architecture into
Egypt, 48
, or Syrians of Trâk Arabi, the same
people as the Chaldeans, 52
Assyrians, the, subdue Judea, 65, 66
, extent of their dominions, 133
, kings of the, according to Ctesias, 134,
135
— —, the, oppose Trajan’s passage of the
Tigris, 418, 419
Astarte one of the wives of Ham, 20
queen of Byblus and Melcander, 20
, temples at Tyre consecrated to, 129
Aster-aMd, and Napoleon’s invasion of India,
537
Astracan, khanat of, subjected by Russia,
491, 536
Astrolabe, treatise on the, 546
Astrology promoted by Enoch, 9
preserved by Ham, 19
among the Chaldeans, 57, 58
and alchemy studied by Roger Bacon
564
in its primitive state exemplified, 10
of the earliest Chaldeans and Egyptians,
11
favoured by the longevity of the antediluvians,
11
I cycles of the antediluvian, 11, 57
, &c., introduced into India from Assyria,
34
made subservient to Sabaism, 57
of the shepherds of Egypt, 74
of the Egyptians, and their discovery
of the Canicular period, &c., 110
■----- carried to India and China from
central Asia, 507
of Greece derived from the east, 516,
517, 529, 530
, Thales’ work on nautical, 519
of the Chaldeans introduced by Democritus
into Greece, 527, 528
-----, Ptolemy established a system of, 530
declined after the time of Pythagoras,
530
medicine, &c., from the east, 542, 544,
550
Astyages, marriage of, 152
resents the insult of Evil Merodach, 162
succeeded by Cyaxares, 162
As wad crossed by Cyrus' army, 213
Atargetes, the temple of, plundered by
Crassus, 408
Athenian colonies in the Archipelago, 574
Athenians victorious at Marathon, 187, 188
defeated by the Macedonians under ,
Philip, 254
Athens, citadel of, taken by Xerxes, 195
burnt by Mardonius, 196
Athos, Cape, loss of Darius Hystaspes’ fleet
off, 187
—:—, mount, canal cut by Xerxes through,
191
----------- , formerly Nymphaeum promontory,
252
Athrulla taken by the Romans, 415
Athuri, or Assyrians, 31
Atossa, daughter and wife of Artaxerxes or
Arsaces, 250
Atra besieged by the Romans, 421,423
Atropatana besieged byAntony, 413