Organa, or Ormuz, and Nearchus’ fleet, 352
Orgunje, trade to, from Russia, 596
Oritæ, the, defeated by the corps under Le-
onatus, 347
-——, Alexander founds a colony and builds
a city in the country of the, 347
—--, Nearchus visits the country of the, 347
Ormazd ( A p p e n d i x B . and C.)
Ormuz, Portuguese establishment at, -589
Orodes usurps the throne of Parthia, 407
■----- , campaign against, by Crassus, 407
sends envoys to Crassus, and prepares
to resist the Romans, 408
•——, the general of, defeats and destroys
the Roman army, 410 411
• • puts Surena to death, and forms an
alliance ■with the king of Armenia, 412
Orontas the Persian sentenced to death, 215
Orontes, Napoleon’s proposed expedition to
the mouth of the, 536
Orpheus, his learning derived from Egypt,
516
, the supposed founder of the Greek religion,
517
■——1 "worshipped in Scythia, 518 • introduced magism and medicine into
Greece, 527
Orsines, the satrap of Pasagarda, put to
death by Alexander, 358
Ortok, governor of Jerusalem, 473
Ortospana of Strabo, or Kabura, 308
, and Alexander’s advance to the Indus,
319
Orxantes, the, or Jaxartes, and its various
names, 312
mistaken for the Tanais, 312
Osal, or Esal, afterwards San’â, 51
Osborne, Sir Edward, obtains a charter
from Queen Elizabeth, 590-593
’Osman, founder of the Turkish empire, 498
’Osmânli branch of the Turks, origin of the,
497 .
Osroëne, the ancient, corresponds with the
place of Job’s trials, 78
Otanes, general of Darius Hystaspes, 178
’Othman, Ibn Assan, successor of ’Omar,
455
, the Moorish dynasty in Africa dates
from, 455
If jH succeeded by ’All Ben Abi Taleb, 456
Ottoman empiré, Syria and Palestine added
to the, 486
Oungh, khan of the Keraïtes, and the Prester
John of Europeans, 487
Oxus, the, crossed by Bessus, 311
, the, crossed by Alexander’s army on
stuffed tent skins, 311
Oxyarta surprised and captured by Alexander,
316, 317
, supposed to be represented by Kurghan
Tippa, 317
Oxyartes, a king of Bactrià called Zoroaster,
183
, the family of, captured by Alexander,
317
the daughter of, marries Alexander,
317
Oxycanus, prince of India, submits to Alexander,
341
Oxydracse, Alexander subjects the, 330, 331
Ozogardana, or Zaragardia, pillaged and
burnt by Julian's army, 436
Pacorus, son and successor of Artabanus,
causes the Parthian wars, 405, 406
son of Orodes, invades Syria, 412
Pactolus river, defeat of Tissaphernes on
the, 245
Pagala, reached by the fleet of Nearchus,
347
Pailhuri, Cape, once the promontory of
Canastserum, 252
Painting, antiquity of, at Babylon, 630
Palse-Tyrus, the ancient city of, 278 ?
——■, the causeway of, destroyed during the
{ siege of Nebuchadnezzar, 278
, temple at, to the Olympian Jupiter,
278
Palestine occupied by the Shemites, 51,
65
, the shepherds were driven from
Egypt into, 74
3 the Hebrews settle in, 105, 112
| submits to Ptolemy Philopater, 403
and Syria, the fourth kingdom formed
from the Seljukian territory, 473
Salah-ed-din’s unsuccessful campaign,
in, 478
----------- united to the Ottoman empire, 486
, expulsion of the Franks from, 486
trades with Egypt, 579 '
Pallacopas canal, the, supposed to have been
cut by Nebuchadnezzar, 160
■----- , Alexander’s,ascent of the, 367, 368
improved by Alexander, 367, 368
Palmyra besieged by Anrelian, 428, 429
flight of Zenobia, and fall of, 429
spoiled by the Romans under Aurelian,
429
Palmyra makes war against the Persians,
425, 426
Panias or Banias, taken from the Crusaders
by Nur-ed-din> 476
Panj-ab, the waters of the, join the Indus,
370
-t— Pir, a branch of the Hydaspès, and
its source, 371
Panj-àb, Taimur’s march across the, 494
Paper brought from Samarkand, 583
Paphlagonia, the descendants of Riphat
settle in, 43
, plundered by the ten thousand Greeks,
237
|p ||||, the Greeks sail along the coast of, 237
Papyrus, boats of, 640
and the bark of trees used for writing,
630
Parasang (see Farsang), 207 _ *
Paratacene, Alexander’s operations in, 316,
*318 .
Pareg, or Para, the probable route of Alexander
to, 343
Paradise and the. land of Eden, were extensive
countries, 1, 2
Parmenio, Philip’s general, 255
- commands the left wing of Alexander’s
army at the Granicus, 264
sent by Alexander to keep up a communication
with Greece whilst wintering
in Caria, 266
— joins Alexander at Gordium with recruits
from Macedonia, 267
secures the Cilician passes, and takes
the city of Issus, 269
—— commands Alexander’s right wing at
the battle of Issus, 272
captures Damascus, &c., 276
advises peace when proposesd by Darius
for the third time, 287
►—— commands the main body of Alexander’s
army on the march to Persia, 299
—— , the execution of, 307
Paropamisus, the, and Alexander’s army
halts at the foot of this chain, 308
•——| and its names, extent, &c., 308, 309
, Alexander’s army enters the, through
the pass of Koushan, 311
, Tyriaspes appointed satrap of the, 319
, the, crossed by Genghis Khan, 489
Parthamaspates declared king of the
Parthians by Trajan on the plain of
Ctesiphon, 420
Parthia, Arsaces proclaimed king of, 400
invaded by Seleucus Callinicus, 402
——- recovered by Antiochus the Great, 403,
404
, invasion of, by Demetrius Nicator and
Antiochus Sidetes, 404,405
, Phraates, the successor of Mithridates,
killed during the Scythian war, 405
• -, Phraates III., or Mithridates II., succeeds
to the throne of, 406
is invaded by Crassus, 407
alliance of, with Armenia, 412
restores the trophies taken from
Crassus, 416
3 Trajan’s expedition against, 419
, campaign against,'under Severus, 421
Parthians, the Romans purchase peace of
the, 422
Parthicus Maximus, the title of Severus,
421
Paryadres, a branch of the Taurus, 232
Parysatis, the ten thousand Greeks reach
the village of, 222
— —, mo!her of Cyrus causes Tissaphernes
to be superseded, 245, 250
Pasargada, Artaxerxes crowned at, 203
——, surrendered to Alexander by Gobares,
301
-— , probably once Persagadis, and now
Mesjid-i-Madreh Suleim&n, 301
, and Alexander’s visit to the tomb of
Cyrus at, 358 ( .A p p e n d i x A.)
P&sin, or Pasiana, district traversed by the
Aras or Phasis, 229 ( n o t e )
Pasion and Xenias desert Cyrus at Myrian-
drus, 212
Pasira, village on Cape ’Arabah, 348
Pasitigris crossed by Alexander to invade
¡^the Uxii, 298
Pasitigris, supposed to be the Karun, 356,
384
, the, crossed by Alexander on his
return to Susa, 358
Passense, rocky promontory passed by Nearchus’
fleet, 348
Pastors (see Shepherds), 72-74
Pathrusim, a people living to the south-westward
of Canaan, the ancestors of the Philistines,
21
Patizithes, a Magian, left as deputy at Susa
by Cambyses, 173
Pattala, on the Indus, where Alexander
constructed a haven and docks, 342
Pausanias, the murderer of king Philip, 256
Pearls exported by the Arabs, 583
Pehlavi, a Shemitic language, 84-86
Pekin, journey to from Western Asia, 572
Peltae, reached by Cyrus, and Lupercalian
sacrifices, 206
Pelasgians, territories occupied by the, 253
Pelusium taken by Cambyses, 174
Pemprama, and Alexander’s march against
the Cathsei and Malli, &c., 330
Pentateuch, probable period of its completion,
105
Perdiccas and Hephsestion, generals of
Alexander, build a bridge of boats over
the Indus, 323
------------ prevents hostilities after Alexander’s
death, 380
Perdiccas defeated by Ptolemy in Egypt,
and slain by his troops, 381
Perimula, a port of India, 576
Periods of literature, 539
Perisaboras besieged and captured by the
Romans under Julian, 437, 438
, or Tell ’Akhar, probably represents
Anbar, 438
Persepolis, the monuments of, record the
events of Darius and Xerxes’ reign, 198
( A p p e n d i c e s C . and D .)
taken and sacked by Alexander, 301
, Alexander sets fire to the palace of
Xerxes at, 302
, and the feast given at, to Eumenes*
army at, 386
, excavations at, and ruins of, 607, 619-
623
Persia once called Kush, 82
, firmans, or laws of the empire of, 177
• , subjects Scythia, 181 ^
■- power of, compared with that of Macedonia,
257
——, the government of, weakened by its
satrapies, 262
, early trade of, with India, China, &c.,
310, 571, 577
, politically connected with India, 310,
584
, accession of Sapor to the empire of,423
, Sapor, defeated by Gordian, retires
to, 423, 424
, makes peace with the Romans, 430
invaded by the Massagetse, 432
1 invaded by the Romans under Julian,
433-439