Arabs, declined under Moktader Bi’llah, 467,
468
, change in their pursuits, 543
■-----, works numerous, 543
«, the, become the centre of civilization, i
543
—— employed in translating from Greek
and Sanscrit, 550
*■ cause great changes in the middle
ages, 552
-—-, rise of, in the East, 552
of Spain study philosophy, 554
trade extended from the Red Sea to
India, 586
-----, the, anxious for trade, 600
-—- favourable to the navigation of the
Euphrates, 601
—■—, their love of poetry, 552
—— , the, excel in preparing leather, 632
, superiority of their vessels, 645
, early navigators in the eastern seas, 646
•-----, early use of the compass among the,
646
Arachosi submit to Alexander, 307
, supposed situation of their district, &c.,
307
Aradus (Ruad), one of the Phoenician
governments, 93, 276
, Gerostratus, sovereign of, submits to
Alexander, 276
Aragaz, or Armenagaz, city built by Arme-
“ nac, 40
, tombs of Noah and his wife in, 40
, situation of the city and plain of, 40,
41
, called Marant, or Maranta, 41
Aram, or Harma, son and successor of
Gelam, 42
Aram, eldest son of, founded Damascus, 77
Aramais succeeds Armenac, 41
changes the name of the river Gihon
to Araxes, 41
calls his capital city Armavir, 41
—— succeeded by Amassia, 41
Arameans called Assyrians or Mesopotamians,
31
, their territory, 30
, according to Mas’udi, a sect of Chaldeans,
31
Ararat, named the “ Foot of Armenac,” 41
, named, by Amassia, the “ Foot of
Masis,” 41, 42
Ararena of iElius Gallus’ expedition, probably
Nejd-el-’Aridh, 415
Aras, or Phasis river, crossed by the 10,000
Greeks, 229
, probable derivation of its name { n o t e ) ,
229
, probable situation of the ford used by
the Greeks, 229, 230
Araxes, river of Paradise, 2
, the, or Gihon, 41
, derivation of the name of, 41
,■■■■%£ reached by Cyrus’ army, 214
■ crossed by Alexander, 300, 301
—_ of Cyrus, or the Jaxartes, 312
----------- , mistaken for the Tanais, 312
Araxes, the, crossed by Antony, 413
Arbela, probable site of the battle of, 295
I built by Darius Codomanus, 295
, Darius halts at, 286, 295
, the battle of, and its results, 292, 293,
294, 297
Arbonai, river of Judith, 151
Arcaa of the Hebrews, or Erech, 24 { n o t e )
Arcadians and Acheeans leave the Greeks,
and proceed by sea to Calpse, 238
----------- defeated by the Thracians, 238
----------- and Achseans rescued by Xenophon’s
division, 239
Archelaus appointed by Alexander governor
of Susa, &c., 298
Arches, antiquity of, in Egypt and Babylonia,
616
and cupolas of Persia, how constructed,
624
Arches, ancient, on the Euphrates^ 656
Archias surveys the coast of Arabia, 366
Archimagus, Darius assumes the title of, 186
Archimedes the mathematician, 530
Archipelago, Phoenician colonies in the, 95
, Phoenician remains in the islands of
the, 95
Architecture similar in eastern countries, 34
, &c., of Egypt derived from Assyria, 48
introduced into Greece from Egypt,
48
, &c., encouraged by A1 Mu'tasem, 463
— 7-, sculpture, &c., of I’ran, 604
, a symbol of the social state, 604
Arcles, the last sovereign -of the Shepherds,
112
led the Shepherds into Phoenicia, 112
(the Tyrian Hercules) the first navigator
in the Mediterranean, 128
, or Certus, deified by the Tyrians and
Egyptians, 128
—— , founded a colony in Spain, 128
, temples at Tyre consecrated to, 129
Ardebil, a commercial depot, 581
’Arenjej and El ’ Arfej, names of Himyar, 80
Areon brook, Nearchus arrives at the, 353
, probably represented by Cogoon, 353
Arethas, a Roman general under Belisaritts,
443
campaign of, in Assyria, 443
Arfkesed, father of the Chaldeans, 53
Argjasp’s invasion of Persia, 183
Argonauts, voyage of the, 113, 114
, ships of the, 114
—— , places visited by the, 114
, Egyptian and Phoenician colonies esta-*
blished in Spain by the, 114
, booty acquired by the, 114
——, sons of the, engaged in the Trojan
war, 119
Argos, the country of the Macedonian
princes, 253
Argos founded by Inachus, 112
Argyraspides, corps of noble Persians raised
by Alexander, 363
, their treachery to EUmenes, 388
Ariseus, the Greeks offer him the crown, 218
Ariandes, deputy of Cambyses in Egypt, 175
Ariandes, death of, 188
Arians revolt and are dispersed by Alexander,
308
, country of the, 507
Ariarathes, king of Cappadocia, crucified by
Eumenes, 381
Ariaspæ declared a free people by Alexander,
307
Ariaspes, son of Artaxerxes, 250
destroyed by his brother Ochus, 250
Aridæus appointed regent after Alexander’s
death, 380
, receives the government of Lesser
Phrygia from Antipater, 382
■ put to death by Olympias, 383
Arigæum burnt by the Aspii, 320
’Arim, El, the flood of, 449
Arimazes, or Lysimithres rock, or hill fort
of Oxyarta, captured by Alexander, 317
Ariobarzanes defends the Persian gates
against Alexander, 300
is defeated, and flies to Persepolis, 300
Arioch, plain of, 14
Aristagoras revolts against Darius H.ystaspes,
181, 182, 186
Aristotle, his knowledge derived from the
east, 526
, influence of, 526
---- ■ and Plato’s philosophy compared, 526
and other sages connected with the
literature of the east, 539
, his works translated, 558, 562
Arithmetic and astronomy imparted to the
Egyptians, &c., by Abraham, 64
Ark, the, mentioned by Berossus, 5
—-■ (■, and its dimensions, 5
, the building of, 6
, the remains of, in the Corcyræan
mountains, 7
-f, stranded in Armenia, 7
, portions of, used as amulets, &c., 7
, profane account of, 7
, the city and tower of Erech built in
commemoration of the descent of, 24
—-—, and its construction, 638, 639
Arkianus, king of Babylon, 145
Arkite religion, 14
altar used, described, 14, 15
-. i. - religion once prevailed over the ancient
world, 15
Arles, monks from, go to Baghdad, 547
Armais, brother of Sesostris, 109
assumes the sovereignty of Egypt, 109
Armavir, capital of Aramais’s kingdom, 41
Armenac, son of Hai'k, and his successor, 40
, migrations of, 40
——, builds Aragaz, or Armenagaz, 40
, succeeded by Aramaïs, 41
Armenia, antiquity of the language and
nation, 13
-— Major inhabited by Noah’s family after
the Deluge, 14
i -----, the centre of the territory of Mizraim’s
descendants, 29
•----- , mixed people of, 30, 39
, Haïk assumes the sovereignty of, 40
— —, First, Second, and Third, 43
Armenia, distinction between the Greater
and Lesser, 43 ■ ---- - Major, territory comprised in, 43
, spread of Ham’s and Japhet’s descendants
from, 43
-——, a colony of the ancient Canaanites
settled in, 106
—— War between Assyria and, 106
-T— once a dependency of Egypt, 109, 110
, the 10,000 Greeks march through. 227
—|f§ Phraates III. takes refuge in, 406
, campaign of the Roman under Lucullus
and Pompey in, 406, 407
bestowed on Tigranes by Augustus, 416
, Persians defeated by Galerius in, 430
■— - restored to Tiridates, 430
campaign between the Persians and
Romans in, 445
subjected by Tai'miir, 492
Armenian contingent employed at the siege
of Troy, 119
——, consolidation of, under Pharnak, 133 ■ ----- mercenaries oppose the Greeks at the
Centrites, 226
villages, &c., described, 229
Armenians (also called Haiganians), resemble
the Arabs and Syrians, 39, 52
of the Caucasus called Haikanians,
133
, the Gargareis of Strabo, 133
Arnohwote, and its derivation, 8, 40
Arosis, the, of Nearchus, probably the Tab
or Indian, 354
Arphaxad, a Shemitic Chaldean, settles at
Háran, 31, 55
Arphaxad, death of, 148
Arsaces succeeds Darius Nothus, 203
—— takes the name of Artaxerxes, 203
becomes governor of Parthia, 400
captures Seleucus Caliinicus, 402
renders Parthia independent, 402
assumes the title of king of Parthia,
402
*■, his treaty with Antiochus, 404
Arssei, campaign against the, by Alexander,
319
Arsames, inscription of ( A p p e n d i x D )
Arslan, Kilij, sultán of A1 Rum, 478
Arsiíf, Saláh-ed-dín defeated by Richard I.
on the plains of, 483
Artabanes murders Xerxes, 197
, death of, 198
, the Parthian, expelled from Armenia,
416
— invades the Roman territories, 422
Artabazus rewarded by Alexander, 305
or Artavasdes king of Armenia, 409
his advice to Crassus, 409
forms an alliance with the Parthians,
412
Artabazanes submits to Antiochus the Great,
403
Artacaonia, capital of the satrap Satibar-
zanes, 306
, afterwards Alexandria, 306
——, position of, 306
Artacus probably Esarhaddon, 145