Pisgah, advance of the Israelites to the foot
of, 105
Pisidia subjected by Alexander, 267
Pisidians, Cyrus’ march from Sardis ostensibly
against the, 205, 206
Pitch, mineral, Chemer, 638
, ■, in the Hamrin mountains, 638
Pithon executed by Antigonus, 388
Plain, destruction of the cities of the, 67
Planet worship among the ancients, 58
Planets, Chaldean names for, 58
, supposed influence of, 59
Platgea, Xerxes’ army under Mardonius defeated
at, 196
Plato studied in Egypt and Persia, 524
-----, made eastern literature attractive,
524, 525
, the philosophy of, compared with that
of Aristotle, 526
Plato, Pherecydes, Pythagoras, and other
sages connected with eastern literature,539
Podargus river, 354
Poetry the foundation of Arabian literature,
543, 552
^ introduced to Europe from Arabia
through Spain, 552
■----- , amorous, of the Arabs, 554
Polior (see Pylora Polo Marco), 352
Polysperchon, competitor of Cassander, for
the government of Macedon, 391
murders Barsine and Hercules, 391
Polytimetus river, the descendants of the
Macedonians destroyed by the Sogdians
on the, 314
«• •• ■, or Kohik, country on the banks of the,
devastated by Alexander, 315
Pombeditha (or Jibbah), 436
Pompeiopolis (Soli), 209
, and siege of Soli by Calistus, the
Roman general, 425 .
Pompey raises Pontus and Syria to the rank
of Roman provinces, 407
— appointed governor of Spain, 407
Pontus, the Askenazians settle in, 43
becomes a Roman province, 407
Portuguese settlements at Ormuz, and at
Malabar, 589
Porus and Chinzius succeed Nadius in the
government of Babylon, 140
«— ■ succeeded by Judaeus, 140
, Alexander promises Taxiles to invade
the territory of, 324■ * posts his army on the Hydaspes, 324,
325 *-----, Alexander, by stratagem, overcomes
the vigilance of, 325-327
, dignified conduct of, 329
, Alexander’s generosity to, 329,330
sumamed the Coward, .submits to
Alexander, 330
reinforces Alexander’s army before
Sakala, 331
----- , territory bestowed on* by Alexander,
334
Poshoon, S o u s , or Cape Bang, probably represents
the Peninsular Mesambria of
Nearchus’ voyage, 354 \
Praaspa (or Phraata), 413
Prester, John, or Oungh Khân, 487
Primeval cities, remains of, 617
Privileges obtained by France from Persia,
595 (.A p p e n d i x G .)
Products of Kurdistan and Mesopotamia,
( .A p p e n d i x N . ' )
of India, China, and Thibet, 571
of Asia carried westward, 571
Pronectus, and city founded by the Phceni-
cians, 95
Prophthasia, probably Pashawarun, 306
Provençal poetry from the Arab, 552, 553
Proxenus and Xenophon join Cyrus’ expedition,
204
*----- beheaded by Artaxerxes, 222
Psammeticus promotes the commerce of
Egypt, 153
■*7 *- ' ■ succeeds Amasis on the throne of
Egypt, 174
—— is defeated by Cambyses, 174
Ptolemais, formerly Akko, 155
Ptolemy, son of Lagus, receives Bessus from
the satraps of Sogdiana and the Daæ,
312
retains the government of Egypt after
Alexander’s death, 380
-t...: , Perdiccas, defeated by, 381
, extent of dominion of, 389
combines with Cassander and Seleucus
against Antigonus, 389
victorious in Cyrene and Cyprus, 390
■o ■ is defeated by Antigonus, and retires to
Egypt, 390
is defeated by Demetrius off Cyprus,
and returns to Egypt, 392
repulses Antigonus, 393
, opportune arrival of the fleet of, with
supplies to the Rhodians, 395
■— -, possessions of, after the death of Antigonus,
398
, succeeded by Ptolemy II., or Philadelphus,
399
—— Ceraunus murders Seleucus, 399
II. (Philadelphus) erects the Pharos,
and establishes the library at Alexandria,
399
extends the commercial relations of
Egypt, 399
, public works executed by, 399, 400
! ----- , war of, with Antiochus Theos, 400
«----I Euergetes encourages learning in
Egypt, 402
Philopater defeats Antiochus the Great,
and subjects Palestine and Ccelo-Syria, 403
■ visits Jerusalem and the temple, 403
, works, the, 534, 535
Ptolemy’s system of astronomy, 530
Pul, or Sosarinus, the thirty-ninth king of
Assyria, and the third of the Median dynasty,
invades Judæa, 138
* succeeded by Tiglath Pileser, 138
Pura, or Pareg, Alexander’s route to, 343
Pydna defended by Olympias against Cassander,
388
reduced by famine, and Olympias put
to death, 389
Pylse pass, the, reached by Cyrus’ army, 214
, situation of the, and distance from
Carsbte, 214 |
Pylora, now Polior, passed by Nearchus’
fleet, 352
Pyramids, architecture of India similar to
that of Assyria, 34
——, some of the, said to have been built
by the Himyarite king Shedd,d-ben-’Ad,
80
—— of Egypt, remains found in the, 88
of Babylon and other countries, 607
Pyramus (see Jaihan), 211
Pyrrhus retreats after the loss of the battle
of Ipsus, 398
expels Demetrius from Macedonia, 398
Pythagoras acquires knowledge in Egypt,
516, 523
and countries visited by him in his
search after knowledge, 522, 523
founded a school of religion and philosophy
in Greece, 523, 524
decline of astronomy after the time of,
530
Pytheus’ liberality to Xerxes and his army,
192
Rabbah of Ammon, the capital of the
Ammonites, 69
, the Zamzummims expelled from, 69
Rabiah, Beni, a branch of the Beni Khaled,
represent the Shemitic Chaldeans, 55
Radbertus, ambassador from Charlemagne to
Harun- el-Rashid, 547
Rafts in Central Asia, 633-636
Ragau, the Rhages of Alexander, represented
by the ruins of Kal’eh Erig, 148
Ragonis river, station of Nearchus’ fleet at
the mouth of the, 354
Raguel, another name for Jethro, 103
Rahabi castle, pass forced by the ten thousand
Greeks, near the ruins of, 224, 225
Rai, an emporium of trade, 572
, routes to, from the Caspian Sea, 573
■ ■ route from, to the Persian Gulf, 573
, centre of Arab and Asiatic commerce,
582
Rakkah, formerly Nicephorium, built by
Alexander, 285
Rakkah, formerly Nicephorium or Calleni-
cum, 4‘34
Ramadan, fast of, 451
Ramah, in Arabia, 50
Rambacia, force left under Leonatus at,
343
reached by Nearchus’ fleet, 347
, Leonatus defeats the Oritse at, 347
where Nearchus refits his fleet, 347
Rameses, or Hierapolis, position of, 98
, the Israelites commence their journey
from, 97
Ramlah taken by the Crusaders, 475, 483
Rami eh, cistern of, 661
Raphia (Rafah), loss of Demetrius’ fleet at,
393
-, defeat of Antiochus by Ptolemy Philopater
at, 403
Rauwolf’s voyage to Babylon, 590
Ravenna, and advance of the Goths and
Franks into Italy, 425
Ravi, Ir&vati and Iraotu (see Hydraotes),
330, 371
Rawan Rhud lake, the, four great rivers that
flow from the, 369
Rawi, the, recite tales to A1 Mutawakkel,
466
Raymond of Toledo encourages Arabic
literature, 556
Red Sea, the passage of the, by the Israelites
considered, 99
I , canal cut to the, from the Nile, by
Ptolemy II., 399
Ptolemy’s fleets on the Mediterranean
and, 400
, the, crossed by ZElius Gallus, 415
, Trajan sails down the Tigris to the,
420
I the, why so called, 420
, defeat of the Christian fleets on the,
478, 479
Regillianus gains the throne of Rome, 425^
Rehoboam, the Hebrew kingdom divided in
the reign of, 132
Rehoboth, built by Nimrud, on the Eu-
phrates, below the Khabur, 24
, excavations of, 610
Reicht, B a n d e r , or Heratemis, and Nearchus’
fleet, 354
Religion of Noah and his family, 13
, traces in Great Britain of the supposed
antediluvian, 15
, Haik, the first champion of the true, 40
, planet worship, the first departure
from Noah’s, 58
, astrology and image worship, 58, 59
Religions of the Asiatics had a common
origin, 506
Rephaim, the, tribe of, descended from Ham,
21
Resafa, or Sergiopolis, passed by Chosroes I.,
444
Resen, built by Nimrud, position of, 24
, ruins of, 606
or Al Resen, probably the Larissa of
Xenophon, and represented by Nimrud or
Aspur, 222,223
Reservoirs and cisterns, 660, 661
Rhages of Alexander (see Ragau), 148
Rhodamans, Jewish merchants, and their
trade, 584
Rhodes, and siege of, by Demetrius, 394,
395
, honourable truce obtained by, 395
——, an example of the ancient mode of
attack and defence, 395, 396
, colossal statue erected from the remains
of the machines employed in the
siege of, 396
■ besieged by Suleiman II., 396
Rhodian and Dorian commerce to Spain,
Egypt, and Sicily, 573
Rhyme introduced from Arabia, 552
Richard I. reaches Palestine with reinforcements,
482