2 A>'NAL3 OF THE EOYAL BOTANIC GARDEN, CALCUTTA.
And it is only for the isolated worker in tlie bookless waste of an Indian station or forest
camp that I venture hero to offer a few reniarks on the organography of this family.
The calyx consists of a single whoi-1 of three sapals which miy either be free or more
or less completely united. The freedom or union of the sepals is, however, a character so
inconstant in its co-ordination with si^ecial chai-acters iu other organs, that it can be
relied upon only for the separation of species. The sepals may have either imbricate or
Yalvate aestivation; or in the bud they may not touch at all. The sepaline aistivation,
however, varies so much in flowers Avhich arc similar in other resijects that it also fails to
afford cliaracters of far-rcaching- significance. The six petals of the corolla are arranged
in two whorls, but to this there are some exceptions: for in the genus Enantia the outer
whorl is absent; while in some species of Vmna, Anona and Rollinia, and in the
African "•cnns Claibrospermim, the inner whorl is either grcatly reduced in size or is
altogether suppressed. Eupomaiia differs from all other meir:ibers of the family by having
neither calyx nor corolla. All the petals are, in the majority of species of the family, larger
than the sepals. And, of the two corolline whorls, the petals of the outer are usually the
laro-cr. In sumo eases {e.g., in certain species of Sagcroia, I'opotvia and Artabotrys) the two
rows arc of equal size; wliile in a species of Uvaria to which generic rank* was given by
Zollino-er, and notably in Miliim and Phceanikua, the petals of the inner whorl are much
lar-^or than those of the outer. The estivation of the corolla resembles that of the calyx,
but is much more constant. It is therefore of more use in affording characters to the
systematic botanist. For example, the large tribes Unoneco and Uvariece are practically
separated by tlie nature of the petaHne {estivation—the former having valvate and the
latter imbricate petals. AlDsolute uniformity between the two corolline whorls in the
matter, of jestivation does not, however, obtain : for in some species of Umria that of the
outer whorl is imbricate, while that of the inner is valvate.
As regards shape, considerable differences obtain amongst the petals of the family;
there being laumerous gradations from rotund to ovate, obovate and oblong; from lanceolate
to linear and even to triquetrous or cylindiic; while, in a few species, those of the inner
row are spathulate with long filiform claws. Considerable modifications also occur in the
bases of the petals, especially in those of the inner row. In some cases the bases are
merely hollowed out so as partially to embrace and cover the andro-gynoicium ; while in
others there are distinctly saccate expansions of the bases of the petals by the nnion o{
which by their edges the whole of the andro-gynojoium is entirely covered. In some
genera (c.^., Eollinia) the petals have dorsal processes, As these diversities in the
petals are usually co-related to certain diversities iu other organs, they have important
uses in classification: and, as a matter of ¡act, they afiord the characters on which
the late Mr. Bentham and Sir Joseph Hooker founded their division of the whole order
into tribes; while, in M. Baillon's classification, they form the basis of the subdivisions
of the series Anoneo! to which ho relegates the bulk of the order. Although in
the majority of the species the petals are free from each other, there are numerous
exceptions in which the members of the same whorl are united by their edges either
at the bases when the latter are saccate, or throughout their whole length. There are
also the less frequent cases {e.g., Mmudora) where the petals of both whorls are united
into a short common tube. Chai-acters of far-reaching significance to the systematist are
not, however, obtainable from either the partial or entire union of petals; and this on
* Aaainiaitt/lus, Zoll.
ANO:iACE.E or BBITISH I5DIA.
account of the want of constancy in co-ordination already alluded to. For example, the
r r , o the section have their outer petals united (their inner petals
, 1°! l l r e s i d ) althLgh in no other respcets do they differ from the K»™.
I f regards direction there is some diversity, the petal., of the species
: h L f b en groupfd iu the tribe being spreading and almost rosaeeou,
Tn heir arrangement; those of the genus A . l ^ i r . s having saccate conmven bases,
whi e the limbs are free and divergent. The inner petals of and of many
I th r Tne a are, on the other hand, connivent; while the group of plants winch
,ave b c ~ e c ed under the genus have their s,«thulate petals coherent
b the r broad lin.bs to form an open mitre-14e or lantern-I.ke corolla. In texture,
the petals in this order have a tendency to be coriaceous, althoug-h a eertam nmnber
are membranous. As regards colour, an unusually large proportion are greemsh-ycllow
"" ^As^a «rciieml rule, the stamens of Aio««»« are numerous, and are arranged iu
spirals on a convex or flat torus. Some species have, howeve,^ only from 6 to 13
s aniens • these will be found in the genera Bocagea, Orophea and M.trephcra.
In 'the stamens of this family the filament forms a very mconspicuous, and the
connective a very conspicuous, part. In a large proportion of the species the connectrve
is thick and is either oblong quadiBte or cuneate, the truncate eud projectnig over
the apex of the anther so as completely to conceal the anther-cells ivhen looked at
from above The elongated anther-cells are, in such stamens, attached vertically either
at the sides or on the posterior surface of the connective. This type of stamen has
been called the Vtaneoid. On the other hand, there are species in which the coniiectivc,
instead of beino- thick with a broad truncate apex, is compressed and produced at the
apex into a pointed or flattened appendage by which, when looked at from above, the
apices of the anther-cells are not concealed. Stamens of this latter sort arc usually
associated with the anomalies in the petals which have already been referred to ; and
the plants possessing them have been grouped in the genera Mthma and /¡o.oym. To
this type of stamen the term MUi,mid has been applied. Intermediate between tlie.se
two tj'pes of stamen is one whore the apices of the connectives are variously modihed
into hammer-like or sansago-like processes. Examples of this are to bo found m the
o-enera CUtro^pmrnm and Poptwia. To some extent (as in the F m w ) characters taken
from the structure of the stamen are found to be constantly co-related to certain
charactCKi in other organs. In other cases, however (e.g., in the genus I'/iceantMs),
stamens with the Uvarieoid character are associated with petals like those of Mtln^c ;
while, in the species of Oroplm, Miliusioid stamens are associated with the corollas of
Mitrephorai. In many species a certain number of the stamens are transfoimed into
linear sub-petaloid staminodes. As a rule, it is the outer stamens which are thus
modified ; but iu Anuzagma and Eupomatw. it is the inner which are thus altered. In.
the latter genus the auther-cclLs, moreover, are inti-orse.
In the altogether anomalous Eupomaiia the floral disc is concave ; and, on its
concavity, the numerous pistils anj ananged, the stamens being really perigynous, although
apparently epigynoas. In some of the species of Xyhpia there is a slight hollowing
of the central part of the torus; and in this pit the bases of the pistils are sunk, the
stamens being, however, truly hypogyvions. In all the other members of the family the
lioral it!oeptaele or ortiis is either convex or veiy slightly concave, and the gyncecium is
most emphatically superior. With the exception of the.spocios of Monoima, where the pistils
AKKK O^. BOT. GAUD. Calcltta VOL. IT.