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is universally regarded as non-valid, or for any other motive either contestable or of
little import. (See also art. 57.)
Examples. — This rule was broken by the change of StaphyUa to Staphylis, Tamus to Thamnos,
Mentha to Minthe, Tillaea to Tillia, Vincetoxicum to Alexiioxicon; and by the change of Orobanche
Rapum to 0. sarothamnophyta, O. Columbariae to 0. columbarihaerens, O. Artemisiae to 0. artemisiepiphyta.
All these modifications (which are contrary to Art. 50) must be rejected. — The name
Diplomorpha Meissn. in Regensb. Denkschr. I ll, 289 (1841) must not be substituted for the generic
name Wickstroemia Endl. Prodr. fl. Norfolk., 47 (1833) because of the earlier homonyms Wi(c)k-
Stroemia Schrad. Goett. gel. Anz., 710 (1821) and Wifcjkstroemia Spreng. in Vet. Akad. Handl.
Stockh. 1821, 167, t. 3, for the former is merely a synonym of the genus Laplacea Kunth (1821)
and the latter of a subdivision of the genus Eupatorium L. (1753).
Re commen d a tio n s. See on the subject of homonyms recommendations V b and X IV /
which suggest that cases of this kind should be avoided for the future.
Art. 51. Everyone should refuse to admit a name in the following cases;
1. When the name is applied in the plant kingdom to a group which has
an earlier valid name.
2. When it duplicates the name of a class, order, family or genus, or a subdivision
or species of the same genus, or a subdivision of the same species.
3. When it is based on a monstrosity.
4. When the group which it designates embraces elements altogether incoherent,
or when it becomes a permanent source of confusion or error.
5. When it is contrary to the rules of sections 4 and 6.
Examples. — 1®. Carelia Adans. (1763) is a name which was applied by its author to a genus
which had already received a valid name {Ageratum L. [1753]) {synonym); similarly Trichilia alata
N. E. Brown (in Kew Bull. 1896, 160) is a name which cannot be maintained because it is a
synonym of T. pterophylla C. DC. (in Bull. Herb. Boiss. II, 581 [1894]). — 2®. Tapeinanthus, a name
given by Boissier to a genus of Labiatae was replaced by Thuspeinanta by Th. Durand, because
of the existence of an earlier and valid genus, Tapeinanthus Herb, among the Amaryllidaceae;
(homonym). Similarly Astragalus rhizanthus Boiss. {Diagn. PI. Or. ser. 1, II, 83 [1843]) was renamed
A. cariensis Boiss. because of the existence of an earlier valid homonym, Astragalus rhizanthus Royle
Illustr. Bot. Himal. p. 200 (1835). — 4°. The genus Uropedium Lindl. was based on a monstrosity
which is now referred to Phragmopedilum caudatum Rolfe. — 5®. The genus Schrebera L. derives its
characters 'from the two genera Cuscuta and Myrica (parasite and host) and must be dropped; and
the same applies to Lemairea De Vr. which is made up of elements taken from different families.
Linnaeus described under the name of Rosa villosa a plant which has been referred to several different
species and of which certain identification seems impossible; to avoid the confusion which results
from the use of the name Rosa villosa, it is preferable in this case, as in other analogous cases, to
abandon the name altogether.
Art. 52. The name of an order, suborder, family or subfamily, tribe or subtribe,
must be changed when it is taken from a genus which, by general consent,
does not belong to the group in question.
Examples. — If it were to be shown that the genus Portulaca does not belong to the family
Portulacaceae, the name Portulacaceae would have to be changed. — Nees (in Hooker and Arnott,
Bot. Beechey’s Voy. 237 [1836]) gave the name Tristegineae to a tribe of Gramineae, after the genus
Tristegis Nees (a synonym of the genus Melinis Beauv.). But Melinis (Tristegis) having been excluded
from this tribe by Stapf (in F l Cap. VII, 313) and by Hackel (in Oesterr. bot. Zeitschr. LI, 464),
these authors have adopted the name Arundinelleae from the genus Arundinella.
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Art. 53. When a subgenus, a section or a subsection, passes as such into
another genus, the name must be changed if there is already, in that genus, a valid
group of the same rank, under the same name.
When a species is moved from one genus into another, its specific epithet
must be changed if it is already borne by a valid species of that genus. Similarly
when a subspecies, a variety, or some other subdivision of a species is placed under
another species, its name must be changed if borne already by a valid form of like
rank in that species.
Examples. — Spartium biflorum Desf. (1798—1800) when transferred by Spach in 1849 to
the genuB Cytisus could not be called Cytisus biflorus, but was renamed Cytisus Fontanesii, because
of the previous existence of a valid species Cytisus biflorus L ’H^rit. (1789). The earliest synonym
of Calcchortus Nu ttallii Torr. et Gray (in Pacific Rail. Rep. II, 124 [1855-1856]) is Fritillaria alba
Nutt. {Gen. Amer. I, 222 [1818]) but we cannot restore the original epithet of this species, although
this has been done in the Notizbl. des K. bot. Gartens und Mus. Berl. II, 318 (1899), because there
exists already a valid species in the genus with the name Calockortus albus Dougl. in Maund
Botanist t. 98 (1839).
Art. 54. Names of genera must be rejected in the following special cases:
1. When they coincide with a technical term concurrently used in morphology,
unless they are accompanied by specific names.
2. When they express uninominal nomenclature.
3. When they are formed of two words, unless these two words were from
the first united or joined by a hyphen.
Examples. — 1®. Generic names such as Lignum, Radix, Spina, Radieula etc. would not now be
admissible; on the other hand a generic name like Tuber should not be rejected when it has been published
with specific names {Tuber dbarium etc.). — 2®. Ehrhart {Phytophylacium [1780] and Beitrdg.^ IV,
145—150) made use of a uninominal nomenclature for species known at that time under binary
names {Phaeocephalum, Leptostachys, etc.). These names, which resemble generic names, must not be
confused with such and are to be rejected, unless a subsequent author has given them the value of
a generic name: for example Baeothryon, a uninominal expression ef Ehrhart’s, has been applied to
a genus characterised by A. Dietrich Spec. PI. II, 89 (1833). - 3®. Names like Quisqualis (a single
word from the first), Sebastiano-Schaueria and Neves-Armondia will Stand.
Art. 55. Specific names must also be rejected in the following special cases:
1®. When they are ordinals serving for purpose of enumeration.
2®. When they merely repeat the generic name.
Examples. — 1®. Boletus vicesimus sextus, Agaricus octogesimus nonus.— 2^. Linaria Linaria,
Raphanistrum Raphanistrum etc.
Art. 56. In the cases foreseen in articles 51 to 56, the name to be rejected
or changed is replaced by the oldest valid name in the group in question, and in
default of such a one a new name (or new binomial) must be made.
By valid name is implied a name, and especially a combination of names
formed in accordance with the rules of nomenclature. The author of a new combination
may, if he wish, borrow the specific epithet from an older non-valid binomial
(still-born name) or make use of a new one.
Examples. — Linum Radiola L. (1753) when placed in the genus Radiola must be called
Radiola linoides Roth (1788); the earlier synonym Linum multiflorum Lamk. (1778) cannot be con-
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