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work containing the name or combination of names is regarded as correct. On and
after January 1®*^, 1908, the date of publication of the latin diagnosis only can be
taken into account in questions of priority in the case of recent plants; in the case
of fossil plants, on and after January 1912, it is the date of simultaneous publication
of the latin diagnosis and a figure.
Examples. — Mentha foliicoma Opiz was distributed by its autlior in 1832, but the name
dates from 1882 (published by Déséglise Menth. Op. in Bull. soc. étud. scient. Angers, 1881—1882,
210); Mentha bracteolata Op. Seznam, 65 (1852) without description, takes effect only from 1882,
when it was published with a description (Déséglise 1. c., 211). There is some reason for
supposing that the first volume of Adanson's Families des Plantes was published in 1762, but in
absence of certainty the date 1763 on the title-page is assumed to be correct. The different parts of
Willdenow’s Species Plantarum were published as follows: vol. 1, 1798; vol. II, 2, 1800; vol. I ll, 1,
1801; vol. I ll, 2, 1803: vol. I ll , 3, 1804; vol. IV, 2, 1806; and not in the years 1797, 1799, 1800,
1800, 1800 and 1805 respectively, as would appear from the title-page of the volumes: it is the
earlier series of dates which takes effect. — The third volume of the Prodromus florae hispanicae
of Willkomm & Lange, the title-page of which bears the date 1880, was published in four parts,
pp. i_ 2 4 0 in 1874. pp. 2 4 1 -5 1 2 in 1877, pp. 513—736 in 1878, p. 737 to the end in 1880, and
it is these dates which take effect.
R e com men d a tio n s . Botanists will do well, in publishing, to conform to the following
recommendations :
Not to publish a name without clearly indicating whether it is the name of a
family or a tribe", a genus or a section, a species or a variety; briefly, without expressing an opinion
on the nature of the group to which they give the name.
XVIIIbis When publishing names of new groups to indicate carefully the subdivision
which is regarded as the type of the group: the typical genus in a family, the typical species in a
genus, the typical vai-iety or specimen in a species. This precaution will obviate difficulties of
nomenclature if at some future time the group in question becomes broken up.
XIX. To avoid publishing or mentioning in their publications unpublished names which
they do not accept, especially if the persons responsible for these names have not formally authorised
their publication (see Rec. XIV, e).
XX. When publishing names of new groups in works written in a modern language (floras,
catalogues etc.) to publish simultaneously the latin diagnoses and in palaeobotany also the figures,
which will make the names valid from the point of view of scientific nomenclature.
XXbis, In view of the special difficulties presented by the identification of fossil plants,
to give, in addition to the latin diagnosis a detailed description in french, english, german or italian.
XXter. In describing new groups of lower Cryptogams, especially among the Fungi or
microscopic plants, to add to the description a figure or figures of the plants, with details of
microscopic structure, as an aid to identification.
XX quat. The description of parasitic plants should always be followed by the indication
of the hosts, especially in the case of parasitic fungi. The hosts should be designated by their
latin scientific names and not by popular names in modern languages, the signification of which is
often doubtful.
XXI. To give the etymology of new generic names and also specific names when the
meaning of the latter is not obvious.
To indicate precisely the date of publication of their works and that of the placing
on sale or the distribution of named and numbered plants when these are accompanied by printed
diagnoses. In the case of a work appearing in parts, the last published sheet of the volume should
indicate the precise dates at which the different fascicles or parts of the volume were published, as
well as the number of pages in each.
X X n i . When works are published in periodicals to require the editor to indicate on the
separate copies the date (year and month) of publication and also the title of the periodical from
which the work is extracted.
XXIV. Separate copies should always bear the pagination of the periodical of which they
form a part; if desired they may also bear a special pagination.
Section 5. On the precision to be given to names by the citation
o f the author w h o first published them.
Art. 40. For the indication of the name or names of a group to be accurate
and complete, and in order that the date may be readily verified, it is necessary to
quote the author who first published the name or combination of names in question.
Examples: Simarubaceae Lindley, Simaruba Aublet, Simaruba laevis Grisebach, Simaruba
amara Aublet var. opaca Engler.
Art. 41. An alteration of the constituent characters or of the circumscription
of a group does not warrant the quotation of another author than the one who first
published the name or combination of names.
When the changes have been considerable, the words: mutatis charact, or
pro parte, or excl. gen., excl. sp., excl. var., or some other abridged indication, are
added after the citation of the original author, according to the nature of the changes
that have been made, and of the group in question.
Examples: Phyllanthus L. em.(emendavit) Miill. Arg.; Myosotis L. pro parte, R. Br.;
Globularia cordifolia L. excL var. ; etc.
Art. 42. When a manuscript name has been published and referred to its
author, the name of the person who published it should be appended to the citation.
The same rule should be followed for names of garden origin when they are cited
as „Hort“.
Examples: Capparis lasiantha R. Br. ex or apud DC.; Streptanthus heterophyllus Nutt, in
Torr. et Gray; Gesnera Donklarii Hort. ex or apud Hook. Bot. Mag. tab. 5070.
Art. 43. When, in a genus, a name is applied to a group which is moved
into another group where it retains the same rank, or to a group which becomes of
higher or lower rank than before, the change is equivalent to the creation of a new
group and the author who has effected the change is the one to be quoted. The
original author can be cited only in parenthesis.
Examples. — Cheiranthus tristis L. when moved into the genus Matthiola becomes Matthiola
tristis R. Br.. or Matthiola tristis (L.) R. Br. — Medicago polymorpha L. var. orbicularis L. when
raised to the rank of a species becomes Medicago orbicularis All. or Medicago orbicularis (L.) All.
R e com men d a tio n s .
XXV. Authors’ names p u t after names of plants are abbreviated, unless they are verj' short.
For this purpose preliminary particles or letters that do not, strictly speaking, form part
of the name, are suppressed, and the first letters are given without any omission. If a name of one
syllable is long enough to make it worth while to abridge it, the first consonants only are given
(Br. for Brown); if the name has two or more syllables, the first syllable and the first letter of the
following one are taken, or the two first when both are consonants (Juss. for Jussieu; Rich, for
Richard). When it is necessary to give more of a name to avoid confusion between names beginning
with the same syllables, the same system is to be followed. For instance two syllables are given
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