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Examples: X Salix capreola = Salix aurita x caprea; Digitalis lutea Ç x purpurea
Digitalis lutea x purpurea $ .
Art. 32. Intergeneric hybrids (between species of different genera) or presumably
such, are also designated by a formula, and, when it seems useful or necessary,
by a name.
The formula consists of the names of the two parents, in alphabetical order.
The hybrid is associated with the one of the two genera w’hich precedes the
other in alphabetical order. The name is preceded by the sign x .
Example: x Ammophila baltica = Ammophilai arenaria x Calamagrostis epigeios.
Art. 33. Ternary hybrids, or those of a higher order, are designated like
ordinary hybrids by a formula and a name.
Example: x Salix StraehUri = S. aurita x ctnerea x repens or S. (aurita x repens)
X ctnerea^
Art. 34. When there is reason to distinguish the different forms of a hybrid
(pleomorphic hybrids, combinations between different forms of collective species etc.)
the subdivisions are classed under the hybrid like the subdivisions of species under
a species.
Examples: x Mentha villosa /? Lamarckii ( = M. longifolia x rotundifolia). The preponderance
of the chai-acters of one or other parent may be indicated in the formulas in the following
manner: Mentha longifolia > x rotundifolia, M. longifolia x < rotundifolia, Cirsium supercanum
X rivulare, etc. etc. The participation of a particular variety may also be indicated. Example-
Salix caprea x daphnoides var. pulchra.
Re commenda tion.
XVII. Half-breeds, or presumably such, may be designated by a name and a formula.
Names of half-breeds are intercalated among the subdivisions of a species preceded by the sign x .
In the formula the names of the parents are in alphabetical order.
Section 4. T h e publication of names and the date o f each name or
combination o f names.
Art. 35. Publication is effected by the sale or public distribution of printed
matter or indelible autographs.
Communication of new names at a public meeting, or the placing of names
in collections or gardens open to the public, do not constitute publication.
Examples. — Effective publication without printed matter: Salvia oxyodon Webb and Heldr.
was published in Ju ly 1850 in an autograph catalogue and put on sale (Webb and Heldreich, Cata-
logus^ plantarum hispanicarum, etc. ab A. Blanco lectarum, Parisiis, Jul. 1850 in folio). — Non-effective
publication^ at a public meeting: Cusson announced his establishment of the genus Physospermum
in a memoir read at the Société des Sciences de Montpellier in 1773, and later in 1782 or 1783 at
the Société de Médecine de Paris, but its effective publication dates from 1787, in the Mémoires
de la Soc. Roy. de Médicine de Paris, vol. V, Ire partie.
Art. 36. On and after January 1, 1908, the publication of names of new
groups of recent plants will be valid only when they are accompanied by a latin
diagnosis.
Art. 36^''®. On and after January 1, 1912, the publication of names of new
groups of fossil plants will be valid only when they are accompanied by a latin
diagnosis and by illustrations or figures showing the essential characters of the
object in question.
Art. 37. A species or a subdivision of a species, announced in a work, with
a complete specific or varietal name, but without diagnosis or reference to a former
description under another name, is not valid. Citation in synonymy or incidental
mention of a name is not effective publication, and the same applies to the mention
of a name on a ticket issued with a dried plant without printed or autographed diagnosis.
Plates accompanied with analyses are equivalent to a description; but this
applies only to plates published before January 1, 1908.
Examples. — The following are valid publications: Onobrychis eubrychidea Boiss. Fl. or. II,
546 (1872) published with description; Panax nossibiensis Drake in Grandidier Hist. Phys. Nat. et
Polit, de Madagascar, Vol. XXXV, t. V, III, 5e p a r t, pi. 406 (1896), published in the form of a
plate with analyses; Cynanchum nivaU Nym. Syll. fi. Eur. 108 (1854—1855) published with a
reference to Vincetoxicum nivaU Boiss. et Heldr. previously described. Hieracium Flahaultianum
Arv.-Touv. et Gaut., published in an exsiccata accompanied by a printed diagnosis {Hieradotheca
gallica, nos. 935—942, 1903). — The following are not valid: Sdadophyllum heterotrichum Decaisne
et Planch, in Rev. Hortic., ser. IV, III, 107 (1854), published without description or reference to a
previous description under another name; Ornithogalum undulatum H o rt Berol. ex Kunth E n um .p l.
IV, 348 (1843), quoted as a synonym of Myogalum Boucheanum Kunth 1. c., the name adopted by
the author, is not a valid publication; when transferred to Ornithogalum, this species must be called
Ornithogalum Boucheanum Aschers. in Osterr. Bot. Zeitschr. XVI, 192 (1866); Erythrina micropteryx
Poepp. quoted as a synonym of Micropteryx Poeppigiana Walp. in Linnaea XXIII, 740 (1850) is not
a valid publication; the species in question, when placed in the genus Erythrina must be called
Erythrina Poeppigiana 0 . F. Cook in U. S. Dep. Agr. Bull, n» 25, p. 57 (1901); Nepeta Sieheana
Hausskn. which appears without diagnosis in an exsiccata (W. Siehe, B o t Reise nach Cicilien, no 521,
1896), is not valid.
Art. 38. A genus or any other group of higher rank than a species, named
or announced without being characterised conformably to article 37 cannot be regarded
as effectively published {nomen nuduni). The mere indication of species as belonging
to a new genus or of genera as belonging to a higher group, does not allow us to
accept the genus or group in question as characterised and effectively published. An
exception is made in the case of the generic names mentioned by Linnaeus in the
Species Plantarum ed. 1., 1753, names which we associate with the descriptions in
the Genera Plantarum ed. 5., 1754 (See article 19).
Examples. — The following are valid publications: Carphalea Juss. Gen. PI. 198 (1789),
published with a description; Thuspeinanta Dur. Ind. Gen. Phaner., p. X (1888), published with a
reference to the genus Tapeinanthus Boiss. previously described; Stipa L. Sp. PI. ed. 1, 78 (1753),
valid because accompanied by a description in the Genera Plantarum ed. 5, no 84 (1754). — The
following are not valid: Egeria Neraud {Bot. Voy. Freycinet, 28 (1826), published without diagnosis
o r reference to a description previously made under another name; Acosmus Desv. mentioned incidentally
as a synonym of the genus Aspicarpa Rich, by De Candolle {Prodr. 1, 583 [1824]); Zatarhend
Forsk. Fl. Aeg. Arab., p. CXV (1775), based only on the enumeration of three species of the genus
Ocimum without indication of characters.
Art. 39. The date of a name or of a combination of names is that of their
effective publication. In the absence of proof to the contrary, the date placed on the
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