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together with the one or two first consonants of the third; or one of the last characteristic consonants
of the name is added (Bertol. for Bertoloni, to distinguish from Bertero; Michx for Michaux, to
distinguish from Micheli). Christian names or accessory designations, serving to distinguish two
botanists of the same name, or abridged in the same way (Adr. Juss. for Adrien de Jussieu, Gaertn.
fil. or Gaertn. f. for Gaertner filius).
When it is a well established custom to abridge a name in another manner, it is best to
conform to it (L. for Linnaeus, DC. for De Candolle, St.-Hil. for Saint-Hilaire).
In publications destined for the general public and in titles it is preferable not to abridge
X X V bis. The citation in parenthesis of the original author is especially useful in the
absence of synonymy or when the latter is a long one. In palaeobotany the custom is always to
cite in parenthesis the original author of the epithet of a species or of a subdivision of a transferred
species.
X X V t e r . The citation of authors earlier than the starting point of the nomenclature of a
group, is indicated when considered useful or desirable, preferably between brackets or by the use
of the word ex. This method is especially applicable in mycology when reference is made to
authors earlier than Fries or Persoon. Examples: Lupinus [Tournef. Inst. 392, t. 213 (1719)] Linn.
Sp. ed. 1, /21 (1753) and Gen. ed. 4, 332, or Lupinus Tourn. ex L. — Boletus piperatus [Bull
Hist. Champ. Fr. 318, t. 451 f. 2 (1791—1812)] Fries Syst. Myc. I, 388 (1821), or Boletus piperatus
Bull, ex Fries.
Section 6. On names that are to be retained w h en a group is divided,
remodelled, transferred, or moved from one rank to another, or when two groups
o f th e same rank are united, or in dealing with groups w h ich have a pleomorphie
life-cycle.
Art. 44. A change of characters, or a revision which involves the exclusion
of certain elements of a group or the addition of new elements, does not warrant
a change in the name or names of a group, except in cases provided for in article 51.
Examples. — The genus Myosotü as revised by R. Brown differs from the original genus of
Linnaeus, but the name has not been changed, nor is any change allowable. Various authors have
united with Centaurea Jacea L. one or two species which Linnaeus had kept distinct; the group thus
constituted must be called Centaurea Jacea L. (sensu ampl.) or Centaurea Jacea L. (em. Visiani, em.
Godron, etc.); the creation of a new name such as Centaurea vulgaris Godr. is superfluous.
Art. 45. When a genus is divided into two or more genera, the name must
be kept and given to one of the principal divisions. If the genus contains a section
or some other division which, judging by its name or its species, is the type or the
origin of the group, the name is reserved for that part of it. If there is no such
section or subdivision, but one of the parts detached contains a great many more
species than the others, the name is reserved for that part of it.
Examples. — The genus Helianthemum contained, according to Dunal (in DC. Prodr. I.
266—284 [1824]), 112 well-known species distributed in nine sections; several of these sections have
since been raised to generic rank {Fumana Tuberaria Spach) but the name Helianthemum has
been kept for the divisions grouped round the section Euhelianthemum. — The genus Convolvulus
L. em. Jacq. was divided into two by Robert Brown in 1810 {Prodr. fl. Nov. Holl., pp. 482—484),
who gave the name Calystegia to one of the genera which at that time contained only four species,
and reserved the name Convolvulus for the other genus which contained a much larger number of
species. — In the same way Salisbury (in Trans. Linn. Soc. VI, 317 [1802]), in separating Erica
vulgaris L. from the genus Erica, under the name Calluna, kept the name Erica for the large
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number of species left. — The genus Aesculus L. contains the sections Eu-Aesculus, Pavia (Poir.),
Macrothyrsus (Spach) and Calothyrsus (Spach), the last three of which were regarded as distinct
genera by their respective authors. In the event of these genera being retained the name Aesculus
must be kept for the species Aesculus Hippocastanum L. as this is undoubtedly the type of the genus
founded by Linnaeus {Sp. p i. ed. 1, 344), as is seen by a comparison with Linnaeus, Hort. Cliff.
142, and early editions of the Gen. p i. (ed. 1, 310; ed. 2, 367); Toumefort’s name Hippocastanum
must not be used as was done by Gaertner (Fruct. ii. 135).
Art. 46. When two or more groups of the same nature are united, the
name of the oldest is retained. If the names are of the same date, the author
chooses, and his choice cannot be modified by subsequent authors.
Examples. — Hooker f. and Thomson {FL Ind. 67 [1855]) united the genera Wormia
Rottb. and Capellia BL; they gave the name Wormia to the genus thus formed because the last
name dates from 1783 while Capellia dates from 1825. — In case of union of the two genera
Cardamine and Dentaria, which were founded at the same time by Linnaeus {Sp. p i. ed. 1, 653
and 654 [1753]; Gen. Pi. ed. 5, n. 726, 727) the collective genus must be called Cardamine because
that name was chosen by Crantz {Class. Crueif., 126 [1769], who was the first to suggest the
union. — H. Hallier (in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. XVIII, 123) united the three species of Ipomoea, I. verticillata
Forsk. (1775), I. rumicifolia Choisy (1834) and I. Perrottetii (1845); the species is still called
I. verticillata Forsk. as Forskal’s name is the earliest. — Swartz {Prodr. 16) described two species
of Piper, p . glabellum and P. scandem which he subsequently {FL Ind. Occ. i. 68) regarded as con-
specific, choosing the name P. glabellum; this name therefore and not P. scandens must be used for
the combination.
R e com m en d a tio n s .
XX VI. Authors who have to choose between two generic names should notó the following
recommendations:
1. Of two names of the same date to prefer the one which was first accompanied by the
description of a species.
2. Of two names of the same date, both accompanied by descriptions of species, to prefer
the one, which, when the author made his choice, included the larger number of species.
3. In cases of equality from these various points of view to prefer the more correct and
appropriate name.
X X V n . IVhen several genera are united as subgenera or sections under one generic
name, that subdivision which was first distinguished or described may retain its name (ex.: Anar-
fhinum sect. Anarrhinum; Hemigenia sect. Hemigenia), or be preceded by a prefix {Anthriscus sect.
Eu-Anthriscus) or followed by a suffix {Siachys sect. Stachyotypus). These prefixes or suffixes lapse
when the subdivisions are raised to generic rank.
X X V m . When several species are united as subspecies or varieties under a collective
name, that subdivision which was first distinguished or described may retain its name (ex.: Saxífraga
aspera subsp. aspera) or bear a prefix {Alchemilla alpina subsp. eu-alpina) or be designated by some
customary title {normalis, genuinus, typicus, originamus, verus, veridicus etc.). These prefixes or
terms lapse when the subdivisions are raised to specific rank.
Art. 47. When a species or subdivision of a species is divided into two
or more groups of the same nature, if one of the two forms was distinguished or
described earlier than the other, the name is retained for that form.
Examples. — Genista hórrida DC. FL Franc. IV. 500 was divided by Spach (in Ann. Sci.
Nat. ser. 3, II., 253 [1844]) into three species: G. hórrida DC., G. Boissieri Spach and G. Webbit
Spach; the name G. hórrida was rightly kept for the earliest described form, that described and
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