O B S E R V A N D A .
In proper names the letters should be pronounced as follows:—
a as in father; e as in th^re; i as in ravz'ne; a as in go; u as in
lzznar; and the diphthongs ai and ei as • in hz'de. The consonants
are pronounced as in English, save that kh is guttural, as ch in the
Scotch loch.
Unless otherwise stated;—
1. The dates are given according to English reckoning, being in
advance of the Russian by twelve days.
2. English weights and measures are to be understood.
3. Degrees of temperature are expressed according to the scale of
Fahrenheit.
The ordinary paper rouble is reckoned at two shillings, its value
at the time of the Author’s visit; but before the Russo-Turkish war
in 1877, it was worth between halfa-crown and three shillings.
The Russian paper rouble"(or 100 kopecks) equals 2 shillings English.
„ silver „ „ 3 » ■■
„ vershok » x '7 5 inches „
„ arshin „ inches „
,, sajen » 7 feet »
,, verst (500 sajens) „ '663 mile „
„ desiatin (2,400 sq. sajens) „ 2’86 acres „
„ sq. verst » '43949 s(l- mile.
„ zolotnik (96'dols) equals 2-41 drams avoirdupois.
„ pound i4'43 ounces.
„ pood „ 36 lbs.
„ garnet „ '34 peck.
| vedro „ 2-7 Imperial gallons, or
3-25 gallons of wine,
chetvert „ '72 quarter.
For Asiatic Moneys, Weights, and Measures, see Vol. i., p. 682