island of Lombok opposite Celebes,” says-this writer, “ proceeding
eastward, striking features of difference are to thb
most ordinary observer discernible in the manners and habits
of the people of the Indian islands, and. the languages as
well as the moral characteristics of the natives of Samb'awa,
lores, Timor, Butug, and Salayar display evident manifestations
of thia influence.”
The northern and central parferof Celebes are inhabited by
tribes, of a people very little known, who are termed Turhjas7
They are said by Crawfurd to be barbarous, and to be allied
to the Idaan of Borneo, both being tribes of Alforas or
Haraforas. They are regarded as the aborigines. ’ gir'T. S.
Raffles says that the Turajas resemble in their manners the
Dayaks of Borneo and the Harafora tribes .of the Eastern
Arcbipefego in general. « They deposit their dead
on the sides of hills.” In the north-eastern parts of Celebes
^ftthe long and narrow country which- stretches out eastward
towards Gilolo, the native people are still termed by the
Duteh settlers “ Haraforas.” They inhabit villages 4 ^ a d
through the country under petty chieftains, subject to the
Dutch colony at the bay or harbour of Manado*
In the southern part of Celebes two languages are spoken
whieh are known to. be Malayo-Polynesian dialects. . These
are the Bhgis and Makhsar languages, the idioms of civilised
nations.^ The people name themselves Wugi or jjgi;. and
Mengkasa or Mengkasara. The language of the Mengkasa
or Makasars, or some dialect of it, is spoken in the country
extending from Balu Kdmba to Segere, where the first
European settlement in the island was founded. The petty
states ^included in this compass are Bhlu Khmba, Bontain
Tarabaya, Gua, Maros, and Segere. The Bugis is much
more general than the Makhsar, extending over the whole
tract from B6ni to Lhwu, which comprehends the four great
states of Luwu, B6ni, Whju. and Sopihg, besides their
numerous dependencies. In Mandhur and its vicinity the
Mandhur language is spoken. It appears from the vocabulary
given by Raffles to be allied to the Makhsar! In the
* D’Urville, Voyage de l’Astrolabe, tom. v. 2de partie.
centre and body of the island to the northward, according to
the same writer',, simpler, or ruder .dialects prevail among the
Turajas or Haraforas,5; supposed to be the aborigines.*
: The Bhgis are the principal and most improved people of
the island, and. they have long been civilised and acquainted
with the art of writing, and possessed1 of a domestic literature.
The original, source,, of their civilisation was probably the
continent , of India, and the Hind ^ religion pre vailed among
them n&iit. did in Java before the introduction of Mohammedanism
into both, islands. The Rdgi*- hajs& according.; to
Mr. . Crawfurd, an ancient and.'reepndite language analogous
to the Kawi of the Javans. They have a iComder^teihdlt
of literature, consisting pf tales and romances founded on
national traditions,, and partly sol translations from, the Javan
and Malayan.: Thpidiom of . the Makasars is less cultivated,
and their literature inferior.
„ The Bhgis.had, a s we:are informed by .Crawfurd, a*ealendar
in. ancient , thnes, but no national era corresponding» to that of
.the.Javans till they adopted the Mohammedan., Their literature
is said'to be,altogether very inferior to that oft Jaya, and
their records do * not I go back with certainty, more than four
' hundred years. At the time of the first visi-lof the .Portuguese
to, Maka§@,r in 1504,. there were bufe a few Mobanhnhdans
amongst, the people* who were chiefly of,the? Hindu .reiigioOo
but Islam wa& soon afterwards spread among them through
ihe, influence of the Malays? of the peninsula and ©I Me-
nangkabao. ... .. $ .■ ■ *• v- ; ■ - ■ •;: _
TheBugis language^ according to Dr.,Ley den, is essentially
allied to that of the Battas iii Sumatra., Iti^ em h le s ;tte
Malayan and Tagala in its vconstraction. ^ P p h tho ancient
Tarnata or language of the Moluccas it also ;iexhjhhs»i some
evidences. These t^ree language^ ^re^icognatoinand. bave^a
radical affinity not only in their vacabulary,, but,also in their
grammatical structure., .Customs/analogous,.to those of the
Battas are said to prevail among < the. Bugis an the interior of
the island, as that ^ e a jtin g human flesh. They eat their
prisoners of/y^r. , The ^bprigjnai have
* Sir T. §, ha-fiie,§’ Ja,ya, voL.ii. append**