* GoYertuaent.
Administration
of^liOe.
is classed among the antiquities of. the islan d .. Here | | is a living source of, action, and
a nniversabrule-of-conduct.,. The -present state o f B a l i may beLoonsider^idj. (therefore,
as.a kind o f commentary-;on the <ancieat.conditiorr.Qf the* natives, Java-, .'Hfa^njsm
has here severed'socipty^nto’casts, ; it has introd,ucedii(ts;divinities ;j_it - has extended its
ceremonies into most-’o f the transactions o f lif e ; i t has enjoined or recommended some
o f its severest sacrifices, shucb a s the'burning o f a widow oqjitihe .funeral pile o f her
|husband : but y e t the individual retains all the native manliness o f Shis character. and.
all the tire: o f the savage sta te ..
1: By this system the Italians, are divided, into four - casts : 1. The B r a m a n a , 2. R u n ,
- W i s ia , and & . t !S u d n a .^ . -Theh.princes p£.the,.Mand a r e 1 generally,
h u t 'Hot o f the .B r a m a n a cast':. the . present Raja ., o f i i B l i lm g .dfe- o f the
sepond class. The,government is despotic, there Being no-icliepk-iSU tb e .w illo f the
chief nor any sharer .ofrjds power.* H e .i£ a s s isted »in his jnteFpal administration by a
head P a r b d k a l ; a n < k m ± h e general.affairs of his go vernm en t^thfe ,ip anagen\ent-jof foreign
$ej%respdhdehce,.and the superintendence o f his foreign relations, by an .officer.called
R d d e n T u m u n g j g u n g . .(
. T h e system.of village government is established here as on ■ Jevarf jTheegnstitution
o f .each v illa g e la th e same. The,head,1'1 or ichieij -iSe'r$gd<aP<{r4d^e?, and the assistant
K a l i a n T e m p e k x these officers are in variably.'selected ffom • among the people o f the
village which they are appointed-to govern.* office o f P a r b & k a t is considefed-here-
ditary, i f the^ successor is competent; and bn a vacancy occurring, the P a r b & k jd recommends
the successor, p f a K a l i a n T pm p e J c 7
Under the head P a r b a k a l , who is termed P a r b a k a l R a j a , are-several-inferior P a r b R -
k a k , as assistants to that-officer in conveying his orders to 4be heads o f villages>j*land
a similar establh>hmeiit,- 'cbnsis'tihg '6f hbont
a hundred persons, with the rank anct title p f K a l i a n T e m p e k .
Many o f the P a r b a k a l s o f villages in R l i l i t f g have.,the-.title .o £ £ c u $ t i , which^SG^nc^s
-in, their families, and which serves to distinguish them as nobles.- • These probably
originated in their conduct in war. The command o f the military is at'preserit vektefl
in a chief o f the B r a m a n a cast,, styled .R a j a B q n g e n ^ S e r ia p d l t ,- l J ia n g e n ._ jberng th,e
district which cpntains the principal ..Braminipal establishment. He. seems. :to.(receive
honours and respect next to the Rajah himself. • I
The Jheads "of k a m p o n g s in which foreignerSVeside are termed P a n g ’g d /d d ; ahd in
speaking collectively o f the; heads o f villages, the Kaja uses the term P a p d h g 'g d w a .
Th e administration o f jastice is generally con-ducted by a court,’Composed o f one
J a k s a and two assistants : in addition td whom, in'- the determination o f buy cause o f
importance, several B r a m a n a s are called in. Their decisidns are: guided' by writteii
laws. The civil code is called D e g a iA a , the criminal code A g a m a . Before these
courts three or four .witnesses are.required,to substantiate any criminal charge,..,,., Their
witnesses-are examined on oath, and people i o f any cast are competent to take- such
oath and to be so examined. The form o f administering the oath requires' o f the
. persoj*
* This description is taken from B illin g , one o f the independent states, and with slight variations may je t
considered as applicable to all. ,