a p p end ix
E
Instruments
war.
Religion.
sidered to share between them the whole produce o f the land. The monopolies which
the chiefs assume to themselves have also heen noticed. Besides these there are a few
imposts in bazars, which withsopip other, pecuniary • emoluments accrue to-the ohiefe,
but they are, for the most part, rather to meet their personal expenses than to
defray those o f the state, and consequently hardly deserve the nam eo f public-revénue.
The arms formerly used for offence by the inhabitants o f Celebes were the sU m p it, or
tube through which the poisoned dart is blown,' the kr is± spear, k l é w a n g (cutlKss j,*
bddi, and p a r a n g : to them may now be; addedmuskets, musketoons, and small cannon.
Those for defence were chain armour {b u ju r u n ti) ^ and -two kinds „-of shields, ;the one
long, the other ;roupd, made o f very: tough light w o od ,: and. bound . together' very
strongly by pieces of-split rattan.*
The Mahometan religion is professed in all, those parts of Celebes which have'any
pretensions to civilization, and the K o r a n , o f poursé, is the standard of law and worship,
as far as. it is known. According to the records o f M a k a s a r , the Mahometan
religion. was,introduced there about the year IjSQS; by K h a te b p u n g a l D a t a B a n d a n g ,
a, native; o f M m a p g k g b m t on S u m é tm - Nearly all. the inhabitants oftthe sóuth-West1
limb are Mahometans, hut o f the centre and the other limbs o f the island obiy it- very
au$Jlportion have been converted. There are Mahometan schools' in all 'prirfsadPthfel
south-west limb, h u f the Arabic language isndrily.; learnt byuthose- designed for thé
priesthood. They do not consider themselves as belonging eitherJ^to- the sëctfof 'Omar
or. Ali, buit .as followers o f the law o f the prophet, without regard to either. - Gircum-
cisioq is performed on both sexes ; .on the males at ten orrtwoEë'- years 5ii'the?
females at jS^S-or. seven.
ft has been related,t hat the change o f religion on Celebes happened just- aftef^thê
arrival of the Portuguese, whoaro.-sqid'to have offered'Christianity fat thé same time
that the Malay us offered Mahometanism. The king ofi M a k a s a r isishid, to have "been1
doubtful which o f these systems he «houldiaSopt, till Jbe; consulted'the ’wises!* men in
Ida. dominions, who advised him to (unbrace the religion o f the K o r a n :hj:preference to
that o f the gospel, stating as an argument.in its favour, that-it-bad amvred’’frr§'t,*^n^
that God. would never permit error to arrive before truth* B life this doés nofeapjiear
on the records o f M a k a s a r -
The,.public feasts, formerly h e ld ,. sometimes for weeks together, appear to have b'eèh
for political rather than religious purposes: at present.the Mahometan fasts and feasts
are observed. Formerly the dead Were generally buried, but in some instances burnt.
There, is still, to be seen. i n L a m j i r u a burial place belonging to the royal family^
containing jure or. tpms with the ashes o f their ancestors, which are held sacréd,' iiidéed
almost, worshipped, at the present day. T h e B k g i s name for th e ' places o f burial
tised before they were converted, to Islamism is P a t ü n a n , or the place o f burning. It
is not known,that,apy. tribes o f the T u r d jn s b u T t i their dead at present: they are skid to
deposit theqt in excpvpted rocks on the sides o f hills, and to-be So anxious to be buried
among their relations, that i f a man o f rank dies in a distant part o f the country, the
body
* See plate of Javan warlike instruments, io which the long shield represented is that of the Raja of Bontbody
is Salted to .preserve it, and in that state carried back to h is own residence. Very appendix
little isiknewM o f ’.these peb^e^hy the inhabitants o f the south-western limb, but they
are., imiversallyr considered as. the first inhabitants Of the island. They are a very fine
race oft .people :-'the women particularly so1. I t is said they will not suffer strangers
or Mahometans, to keside among them; and that the custom o f procuring a certain
number.-óf hitman heads préviens to ‘marriage is as prevalent among them as with
thé D .â ÿ a s o f Borneo, urtdthe -M q r à f â m s o f the Eastern Archipelago in general.
Each state has its owfi system ;of 'laws, but they nearly concur in the following prin- Lay s and
ciples. .1 -Epchi'isOyereignjgerieral'ly possesses the right iof. putting to death any o f his
subjects, except !th'e members o f his own family. Should any orie o f these commit a
crime andicscape into another territory, h e cannot be touched, but if taken in his own
couhtry fréirrinst be brought before the b e charu', kKo alone aVe-capable Of passing sen-
temce;oh turn.
Each .petty; state "has lits- b e c h a r a , ■ composed 0 e principal people, both P c t s e a jd n g ,a n
and P a l ê l é .- - A ll disputes 'betweeri its followers a te decided by i i t - a l s o ju%es and
passes sentence;ifecasesiofitheft,‘.imuirder,,’arid-adtrkekyjsinddecides a ll causés respecting
t^e legalriight to property ;i but an appeal may be made tó the cóh-rt ói' b e c h â r a o f the
principal state, the members: :o f which are calleddh'e ÆCâpdte B e c h â r a . The décision o f
any b e eH a ra is subject to th e apgróVal of- fhe sovereign; WherO he is not himself a parte
interested : indeed he (may', in general, supersede the authority o f this ‘court by
deciding promptly, but it behoves him to attend strictly to the a d a t b iâ sa , or ancient
customs o f fHé state, in hip décision,' for the freetóra has the power to réfoóvé th e
stovereign an d e le ct a new oBfp.-urMenâme persons afealltimés deCidè on the feet and
the law. .
It is .difficult .to ascertain which o f the dialects spoken oil Celebes has most claim to languages and
antiquity.': I have already stated, that the M a k â s a r and B & g i s hre considered as the •>lterature‘
twd principal languages o f that part o f the island known to Eutepeatik.- 'T-he M a k â s a r ,
the B û g t e j - a n à M a n d h a r e s e , which may be corisidered as ‘d&al'écte o f thé same language,
use; the' same character with some trifling variations.’* Thé P ü râ jc tè ór S a r a f ö r a s o f
Celebes have a fourth language, probably the most original, but it is not known whether
they are at all acquainted with writing.
- Each’nation considers its own the most ancient character. The M d k â s a r alphabet is
less complete than the B û g i s , which 'donsiste 'ofttwénty'-tWó' -létters, varied by s ix
vocalic sounds. .TJm form ó f the-cMracfeU is ■ peculiar, .and' mb'rë'riéaffiy i^semfllfeif
that o f the B â ta s on Sumatra than anÿ'otSer wfe knoW-oT. I t is diffifeuÉ té décide
whether the B û g i s or M a k â s a r languâgé' is the m ost-ancient.. Mariy words 'havfe tHé
some meaning in both, and’ many others differ so lM e + as tb be evideriflÿ of thé saine
origin!;, but the B û g i s has often six ’or1- sëvéRÿsyriohirnee, wh'éreak the M a k â s a r has
. ' Ë ■#. P - ■ ‘ ■' ri’ever
" ?f ’ i©e. plàtô çË t e C^r ior -Bûgis alphabet/ • •
f See .Comparative Vocabulary annexed, including the dialects of the south-west limb of Celebes, and some of the
islands in its vicinity, .on wMcb Bûgis settlements have been- formed.