Civilians j and a Prefident ftyled PrafeSi o f the Touth. The
ftudertt proceeded from thé philofopher to the rhetorician, and
then to the civilian. A yearly falary of fix hundred Aurei or
pieces of go ld ’ was annexed to each, of the philofophical
chairs; and one o f a talent to thofe of the civi lians, The
profeffors, unlefs appointed by the emperors, were elected after
folemn examination by the principal magiftrates.
E d u c a t i o n now fiouriffied in all its branches at Atheq§*
The Roman world reforted to its fchools, and reputation and
riches awaited the able preceptor, c The. tender mind was duly
prepared for the manly Rudies of philofophy and eloquence.
Age and proficiency were followed by promotion. The youth
was advanced into the higher claffés, ëftroïled with theCpmiofo-
phèrs, and admitted to their habit. The title ó f Sophiïï was
conferred on him, when mature in years and erudition ; and
this was an honour fo much affeited, that the attammeni of it
almoft furniffied an apology for infolent pride and extravagant
elation. It was a cuftom o f the mailers to'inicribe oh marble
the names o f their fcholars, thofe of Attica ranged under"'their
reïpeétive tribes; and alfo to what demos or borough e.a"ch
belonged '*'Some fpecimens ó f thefe regifters areprejferved in
the Oxford collection, and many fragments are yet extant at
Athens'.
A t this period Athens abounded in philofophers. l£ fwarmed,
according to. Lpcian, with clokes and ftaves and fatchêls; you
beheld every., where a long beard, a book in tlje left, Band,
and the walks full of companies, difcourfing and reafoning.
The cloke or Tribonium was the habit of all the orders. The
general colour was dark, but the Cynic wore white, and, with
the Stoic, had the folds doubled. One ihöulder was bare;, the
hair hanging down; the beard unihaven. The Cynic, with
i About 468/. See W. Wotton’* Hiftory of Rome, London 1701, p, 106,
with the Errata and p. 169. .
: . 4 ' ’ I the
II;5
the Stoic I and Pythagorean, was ilovenly and negligent, his
cloke in tatters, his nails long, and his feet naked. The Cynic
was armed with a Raff, as a. defence from dogs or the rabble.
The Sophift was adorned with purple, and commonly poliihed,
as Well in. drefs and perfon as in manners i and language. It
behoved the profeflor, as Lucian affirms, • to be handfom.ely
clothed, to be ileék and comely, and above all to have a flowing
beard infpiring,thofe who approached him with veneration,^and
fuitable’to the falary he received from the emperor. I
A learned father*, who was .cqn^emporary at
Athens8/ hasT déforibed tHe marinerrm which the Novice was
treated ’0# his arrival ^ S e / fwith the cereffiony pT iniriatipm
He was firil furrounded by the pupils and e diiFferent*
Sophifts, all eager to recommend their favourite mailer.
He Was hofpitabïy èntertained; and afterwards the. ftüdents
Were allowed to'attack him with rude or ingenuous difputation,
as each was difpbfed. This, the relater has furmifed, was intended
to mortify conceit, and to reridèr him traélablé. He
was next" to Be invefted with the hahit. ; A proceffibn in pairs,
at équaf’diftances, conduced him through the Agora to a
public bath, probably that without Dipylon by the monument
o f Anthemocritus. An oppofition was feigned on fhefr approach
to the door, fome calling out and forbidding his admiffion, fóme
urging on and knocking. Thefe prevailed. He was introduced
into a warm cell, waihed, and then clothed with the Tnbomum.
He w as faluted as an equal on his, coming out, and re-eondüétoi.
Nb one was fuffered to appear in that drefs at Athens without
the pèrmiffion of the Sophifts and this ceremony, which was
attended with confiderablé expenfe.
T h e " Philofophers were long' as’ diftinguiffied by "their avei>
fion tb .Chriftianity as by their garment. It is recorded, of
Juftin Martyr, that he preached in the Tribonium, to which
1 Gregorius NazianZen. Urat. x x.
CL2 he