Pearls of ancient Tyrus, 647
Pedia, river (near Famagosta, in Cyprus),
459
Pednelissus, now Balcascooe (in Tekeh), 339
Pehavians, district of,. 154
, population of, 157
Pehlevi, sacred language of I’ran, 83
, Aramaic, root of the, 84
still spoken in Shirvan, 84
spoken by the Gabrs, 86
Peishabur, one part of the Khabur so
called, 20
Peium, fortress (in Galatia), 332
Pekmiz (a sweetmeat), 372
Pelegrino Castello, or Attlit (coast of Galilee),
482 .
Pelevar, river (of Persis), 210
Pella, ruins on Jebel ’Ajlun (in the Deca-
polis), 513
Pelvereh, village on the Taurus, westward
of the Euphrates, and the site of ancient
Perre, 352
Pentateuch, very ancient copy possessed by
the Cutheans of Samaria, 490
Peraea Proper, limits of* &c., 503* 521
, climate of, 533, 534
, early and later rainy season, 534
Perez su (tributary of the Murad), 43
Perga (in Tekeh), 339
Pergamus (ruins of Troy), 317
Perim, island (straits of Bab-el-Mandeb),
571
Pemaz Tagh (in the province of Moola),
340
Perre, ancient site, now Pelvereh (in the
Taurus), 352
Persepolis, royal mountain of, 73
, ancient capital of Fars, 209, 210
Persia, deserts of* 78,
------------, pasturage and shrubs of, 78
, the Deri, or modern language in, 84
, heterodox religions of, 87
-, caravan routes through, 236, 337
, commerce and revenue of, 237
, dress of the men in, 239
- — , dress of the women in, 240
, mid-day meal in, 240
— , ordinary diet in, 241
——, Diwan Khanah and other apartments
in, 242
j furniture in, 242
— —, descriptions of the towns, villages,
and tents in, 242
, preliminaries of marriage in, 243
, temporary marriages in, 243
, inmates of the harem in, 244
, amusements of men of rank in, 244
, exercise of the jereed in, 244
■------, amusements of the people in, 244j 245
, Nau-ruz (New Year), and other festivals
in, 244
, funerals and feasts in* 245
, population of, 25 i
, revenue of, in the time of Harun-el-
Rashid, 252
, ancient guide-books of, 252
——, privileges of Muslims in, 253
Persia, army and government of, how supported,
253
---- , value of a year’s labour in, 254
, value of wheat, time o f ’Omar in, 255
, taxes of, 253, 254
Proper, position, extent, &c., of, 188,'
189
------------ , like Arabia, 188
------------j its twelve provinces, 188 (noté)
—-----— , general features of, 189
, central plateau of, 189
• , principal mountain chains of, 189
Persian youth, education of the, 89
empire, decline of the, 89 ■ ----------- , under Abbâs the Great, 90
I------------ , limits and decline of the, 91
■ Apennines, passes through, 207, 201 ■ ----- , defiles of, like those in Afghanistan,
208
court, the great state of the, 237
army, state of the, 238 ■ ------------, irregular troops of the, 238
Gulf, trade of the, 569
— , winds of the, 569
_----- , Arabs of the, 696
Persians, complexion of the, 232
, classes of the people, 232
——- , the shah’s power absolute, 232
, chiefs of provinces, 233
, law and education of princes and
people of the, 233
----- , mountain tribes of, have a patriarchal
government, 233
, ancient and modern literature of the,
234, 335
, etiquette and precedency of the, 234
, sculpture kand architecture of the,
235
-, music among the, 235
, trades of the, 236
-----, exports, &c., Of the, 236
, m ep s of transport among the, 236
, Opium, spirits, and wine taken in
secret by the, 241
cottages and houses of the, 241
------------, occupations of the, 244, 245
character, dark side of the, 246
—;-------- , favourable side of the, 246,' 247
personal qualities of the, 247
skill in horsemanship of the, 247
Persis, rivers of* 210
Per wan Durrah, the Kapissa of Ptolemy,
Peshâwur, plain, on thè river of Kabul, 170,
172
, city and population of, 170
, district and limits of, Ì7Ó
—- , once part of Paropamisus, 172
, features of, 172
— - , ancient inhabitants of, 172
Pessinus, city (on the*Sangarius), 332
Petra, commerce of, 596
of thé Greeks, the Rekem of the Arabs,
and Séla of the Jews* 655
- 1-—, Aretas’ palace at, 656
Petroleum and naphtha abundant in Iran,
74, 75
Phseselis, now Tekrova (in Tekdh), 338,
339
Phaitaran, or F’haidagaran (province in
Armenia), 102
Phanu (on the coast of Ionia), 311
Pharmacy in Arabia, 692
Pharpar, river (of Damascus), 502
Phasis, river, source of, 96
Pheleche, island near Grane, 569, 649
Philadelphia, one of the seven churches,
3 ll
, or Ermenek (westward of Mout), 355
•, once Rabbah of Ammon (now Amman),
517
Philipopolis, or Oerman (S.S.E. of Jebel
Haouran), 508
Philistia, or Palestine, once Chna, 539
Philomelum, now Ak-Shehr, ruins and
lake, description of (in Koniyeh eyalet),
346
Philosophy of the Arabs in the time of Job,
666
Phcenesus, ruins, now Missema (in El
Ledja),'505
Phoenicians first used letters, 541
Phcenicus, temple (on the coast of Ionia), 311
Phrygia Parareius, 337
Major, 337
, central, climate of, 361
Phrygians, ancient, 338
^ sacrificed to Mithra, 381
had temples to Belus, Jupiter, &c.,
381
connexion with Assyria,381
Pictanus, ancient, probably Beilan, 409
(note)
Pieria, Mons, at Seleucia, 385
Pinara, now Mmara (valley of the Xan-
thus), 342
Pinarus, or Deli chai (Issus), 408
Pirate Coast, or Belad Ser, 645
-■ /piracy carried on, on the, 646
, people of the, 646
Pir-Man, peak of the Taurus (near the Great
Z&b), 70
Pirsaghate, river (of Shirvan), 137
Pisga, or Moab, peak of (in El Belka), 517
Pishin, valley (in Afghanistan), 167
Pish-Kuh (in Luri Kuchuk district), 194
Pison and Gihon rivers, 266, 267
supposed to be represented by the
Halys and Araxes, 267
Pistacea Terebinthus, 537 (note)
Plague in Syria, nature of, 534
Poets of Ancient Arabia competitors at the
fairs, 664
Polybotum, town, once Paroreus, now Bola-
wadin (in ’Afiyum Kara-hisar pashalik),
336, 337, 338
Polygamy of the Arabs, 678
Pontus, ancient, climate of, 360
Poorsal Tagh (near Kiitahiyah), 334
Populzye (Afghan tribe), 176
Poti, fortress of Mingrelia (on the river
Rhion), 142
Precipitation, mount (in Galilee), 390
Priams, kingdom, 320
Priams, ancient people of, 320
engraving on stone among the Arabs,
666
Prophet, tomb of the (at Medina), 599
Prophthasia., capital of Drangiana, 168
Prusa-ad-Hypium, now Uskub (in Bithynia),
323
Prusias-s-Cius, now Kimlik, or Kio (on the
gulf of Moudania), 324
Ptolemais, or Akka, now Acre, 482
, fortifications of, 483
Puli-Gamashan, bridge (in Luristdn), 19 4
? tang(bridge of the chasm), in Luristan,
195
Punduran, district (of Jhalawan), 182.
Punishments of the Arabs, 675, 676
Purali, river (of Lus), ancient Arbis, 179
Pushtanah, the name by which the Afghans
call themselves, 175
Pygela (on the coast of Ionia), 311
Pylse Cilicise, in the Taurus, 293
, and its defences, 354
, Persic®, probably at Dey Dasht (in
Fars), 207
Pyramidal mound (of Ashur), 21
Quade, or Grane, port of, 111, 568, 649
, town and harbour, description, of
650
, trade of, 650
Quicksand in Roba-el-Khali, 574, 635
Raban Ormuz, peak of the Taurus (eastward
of Sumeisat), 70
Rabba (Rabbath Moab), or Ariel of Moab,
or Areopolis (in Kerak district), 520
Rabbah of the Ammonites, subsequently
Philadelphia (now Amman), 5 1 7
Rabiya, fair at (in Arabia), 664
Rachel’s tomb (near Bethlehem), 495
Rachi, district (of Imeritia), 149
Rahabah, or Reheboth (near the Euphrates,
below the Khabur), 52, 107, 119
-----, village (eastward of Damascus), 522
Rahacharta (in Lower Chaldea), 94
Ra'i, district, taxes of, 257
Raidah, village (in Hadramaiit), 637
Ra'iskiyah, town and district (in the Anti-
Lebanon), 389
Rakkah, ruined city (on the Euphrates),
48, 106, 111
Ram, ’Ain, fountain in Yemameh (district
of Nedjd), 630
Ramadi, town (on the Upper Euphrates),
111
Ramet-el-Khulil (house of Abraham), (near
Hebron), 494
Ramleh, or Arimathea (near Jaffa), description
of, 492
Ramyan district, taxes of, 258
Ranel Dhah, mount, and Sabzah, castle
(in Jebel Shammar), 628
Ranyeh, town (in Wadi Sobeyh), district of
Nedjd), 632
Raphia, ancient, now Rafa (borders of Syria
and Egypt), 486
, remains of, 486