ments at the Porte, with reference to the late contest with
Múhammed Ali, the Mussellim of Kastamúní and his dependencies
are placed under the páshá of Angora. Previously,
the territory of the latter (the Enkúrí of the Turks)
had the Halys on the east, Kastamúní and Bólí on the north,
Sultán Oñí on the west, and the district of Kóniyeh on the
south ; but, with Kastamúní, the páshálik now comprises
Paphlagonia, in addition to the western part of ancient
Galatia.
The central and southern parts of the territory are mountainous,
having, in the former, the Ulguz and Alá Tágh, the
abutments of the northern Taurus; and, in the latter, the
numerous branches of the Ishik Tágh, which spread southward
along the western side of the capital into the Kurdish
district of Háimáneh, and also along the eastern side through
Hasan O'ghlán, into the district of Tabánlí.
North-eastward of the capital the district is watered by
the rivers Chángrí, Túnái, and Devrek, or Doros, which last
flows eastward through Tosiyah into tjje Halys, near the
borders of Kastamúní.1 Within the latter district, a little
farther northward, is the Kará-sú or Gók Irmák, which
receives the river Dádáhí at six miles below the capital, and
then flows eastward by Tásh Kopri and Bói-ábád into the
Halys;2 and, also, the Kirketchit-chai (the ancient Evar-
chus), which, from its springs about 12 miles north of Bói-
ábád, takes a N.N. easterly course, and falls into the Black
Sea, after receiving, a few miles from thence, the Kaboular-
chál, which comes from the west.
Southward of Angora are some streams running into the
Halys; the western side of the territory is watered by the
Enkúrí-sú and some other affluents of the Sakáríyah, whilst to
the north and west are those of the Filiyás and Bártán. It
has just been shown that the geography of the former is
different from that which has been hitherto represented in
the best maps; and this is likewise the case with the latter
river.
1 See above, page 5. * Ibid., pages 5 and 6.
The Bartan, the first considerable stream westward of the
Kizil Irmak, instead of receiving the Soghanli-su and its
tributaries, as had been supposed, is merely formed by two
comparatively short branches. The western of these, the
Kojahnas Irmak, has two sources near the village of Ko-
jahnas, and the trunk, 28 yards wide, which is formed by
their junction, runs through a deep alluvial soil at the rate
of two miles and a half per hour, with an ordinary depth
of six or eight feet, which is occasionally increased to 14 or
18 feet.1 The O'rdeiri, the eastern and more considerable
branch, flows N.Wi from the foot of the Durnah Yallasi, in
the district of Za’faran B o li; and from thence to the sea-port
of Bartan, a town of 650 houses, occupying the rich valley
of the Parthenius :2 the trunk formed by this and the preceding
river is called the Su Chati.
The surface of the district of Angora, westward of the
city, presents a succession of level tracts, scarcely broken by
low, barren, undulating hills, without timber or cultivation.
Towards the N.E. cultivation prevails from Angora to Hasan
O'ghlan; to this succeeds the district of Kankan, a cold upland
of gypsum,3 interspersed with volcanic cones, such as Karajah
Weran4 (Burnt Mountain), and some cultivated valleys. In
one of these is Yaprakli, which is celebrated for an annual
fair of seven days; and another, the vale of Tosiyah, is remarkable
for its fields, gardens, and vineyards, which, as well as the
town itself, the ancient Decia, are watered by the Gok-su
(Celestial stream).5
The central part of the adjoining district of Kastamuni is
occupied by the extensive upland formed by the Iflanis of
Za’faran-Boli, and Kastamuni, together with those of
Dadahi and Saban Chilah, which lie to the N.E. of Mount
1 Mr. Ainsworth’s Journey: Vol. IX. Part II., p. 232, of the Royal
Geographical Journal.
a Ibid., and p. 242.
3 The gypsum of Galatia resembles that of Paris, and still more closely the
gypsum of Mesopotamia and Arabia.—Ibid., p. 267. ^
4 An extinct volcano, as large as that of Mount Etna. Sestini s Journey
from Constantinople to Basrah, pp. 30 and 31.
5 Ibid., p 34.