Dammara is common to Neiv Zealand, the Moluccas, and New Caledonia; Podocarpus is found in
many paxts of the world from Japan to the Straits of Magellan, from India to Tasmania and South
A ln c a ; but Thuja is absent from Australia, though found in most countries inhabited by Podocarpus,
ant in ra th e r high northern latitudes of western N orth America. Several of the Coniferæ of New
Zealand are alpme, as ai-e others in many pai-ts of the world. The absence of the whole Order in the
Atlantic in the smaUer, remote, Antaretic and Pacific Islauds, is one of the most curious features in
ÏL m a n Î “
Scrophularineæ includes many of the endemic species, thirty-three out of the forty being so
Of these, one of the two Calceolarias is very closely allied to a Cliilian species ; these and the Mimuli
a shriihhy Veromca, and Ourisia fui-ther intimately connect the Flora with th a t of South America
as do other species of Vm-onica, Mimulus, Ourisia, and Euphrasia with th a t of Tasmania.
TasmaniA^'^'’" ' ' * * Australian genera, aud two are species of th a t continent and of
f seventy-four are endemic, an enormous proportion, considering how
fugitive their seeds are, and th a t the genera are almost without exception Australian. Araliaceæ are
N e f Umbellifei-æ, and all the Myrtaceæ, with one exception (a
New HoUand species), and all hut four of the Ranunculaceæ.
. A close botanical relationsliip to other countries may thus be traced in most of the endemic genera
nd species. The exceptional genera are læerba, which belongs to a Madagascar family [Breæiaceoe) ;
Corynocaipus, ^ I have reduced to Terebinthaceæ ; Carpodetus, also of disputed affinity, which I
p ace irxEscalloniæ, and which is one of the few extra South American species of th a t Order which
IS considered b y some to be a trib e o f Saæifrageæ ; Griselhùa an d CoroUa, which I th in k b oth
belong to Coriie« and which are also more nearly allied to some South American plants than
to any oPdcrs.-, Alseuosmia has no near known affinity; Phormium, which appears “ sni generis,” is
elsewhere found only m Norfolk Island; Nesodaphne, one of the two genera o i Laurineæ, is aUied to
a South American genus.
B. Plants common to New Zealand and other Countries.
The remaming third of the New Zealand Flora may he divided into five groups, for illustrating
the relations of the plants to those of other countries, viz.,
1. 193 species, or nearly one-foni-th of the whole, are Australian.
2. 89 species, or nearly one-eighth of the whole, are South American.
3. 77 species, or nearly one-tenth of the whole, are common to both the above.
4. 60 species, or nearly one-twelfth of the whole, are European.
5. 50 species, or nearly one-sLxteenth of the whole, are Antarctic Islands’, Fuegian, etc.
I. n o s e o f Australian affinity.— The decided preponderance of Australian forms is not confined
to this large nmuher of absolutely identical species; I have shown it to prevail in the genera containing
peculiar species also. There are no Natural Orders in New Zealand which are not also
ound in Australia and Tasmania, except Coriariæ, Escallonioe, Brexiaceæ, and Chloranthaceoe.
pwards of 240 of the 283 New Zealand genera are Australian, and of these more than fifty are
Ml hnt confined to these two conntries. New Zealand, however, docs not appear wholly as a satellite
of Australia in ah the genera common to both, for of several there arc but few species in
Australia, which iience shares the peculiarities of New Zealand, rather than New Zealand those of
Australia: this is the case Avith Pittosporum, Coprosma, Olearia, Celmisia, Forstera, GauUheria,
Dracophyllum, Veronica, Fagus, Dacrydium, and Uncinia; of which there arc comparatÎAæly few
species in Australia and Tasmania : on the other hand, Stackhousieæ, Pomaderris, Leptospermum,
Exocarpus, Persoonia, Epacris, Leucopogon, Goodenia, and a few other large Australian genera, arc
very scantily represented in New Zealand.
I f the number of plants common to Australia and New Zealand is great, and quite unaccountable
for by transport, the absence of certain very extensive groups of the former country is still more
incompatible Avitb the theory of extensive migration by oceanic or aerial currents. Tliis absence is
most conspicuous in the case of Eucalypti, and almost every other genus of Myrtaceæ, of the whole
immense genus of Acacia, and of its numerous Australian congeners, Avith the single exception of
Clianthus, of Avhich there are b u t tAvo knoAvu species, one in Australia, and the other in New Zealand
and Norfolk Island.
The rarity of Proteaceæ, Rutaceæ, and Stylideæ, and th e absence of Casuarina and Callitris, of
any Goodeniæ but G. littoralis (equally found in South America), of Tremandreæ, Dilleniaceæ, and
of various genera of Monocoiyledones, admit of no explanation, consistent with migration over water
having introduced more than a very few of the plants common to these tracts of land. Considering
th a t Eucalypti form the most prevalent forest feature over the greater p a rt of South and E a st
Australia, rivalled by the Leguminosæ alone, and th a t both these Orders (the la tte r especially) are
admirably adapted constitutionally for transport, and th a t the species are not particularly local or
scarce, and grow AveU Avherever sown, the fact of Iheir absence from New Zealand cannot be too
strongly pressed on the attention of the botanical geographer, for it is the main cause of the difference
between the floras of these two great masses of land being much greater th an th a t between any
two equally large contiguous ones on the face of the globe. I f no theory of transport Avill account
for these facts, still less Avill any of variation; for of the thi’ee genera of Leguminosæ Avhich do
inhabit N cav Zealand, none favoni* sucb a theory ; one, Clianthus, I haA'e ju s t mentioned ; the second,
Edwardsia, consists of one tree, identical Avith a Ju an Fernandez and Chilian one, and unknoAvn
in New Holland; aud the third genus [Carmichælia] is quite peculiar, and consists of a few species
feebly allied to some N cav Holland jdants, but exceedingly different in structure from any of tha t
extensive Natural Order.
2. Species o f South American aÿinity.—Tbe South American species in New Zealand amount
to 89, or one-cighth : of these some are absolutely peculiar to tlie two countries, as Myosurus arista-
tus, tAvo species of Coriaria, Edwardsia grandiflora, Haloragis alata, Hydrocotyle Americana, and
Veronica elliphca. Of these the Edwardsia is by far the most striking case, from the size of the
tree : it appears to have a much wider range m N gav Zealand th an in Chili, aud supposing it to have
been transported between these countries, it is difficult to say which was the parent one ; its affinities
would, liowcA'cr, incline us to consider it amongst the aborigines of the former. I t is by representative
genera and species th a t the affinity of the New Zealand and South American floras is best
shown, and this most conspicuously by Fuchsia and Calceolaria, two most remarkable genera,
confined to these two countries, but by far the most abundant to the west of the Andes. Here again
the amount of affinity is differently displayed by each ; of the Calceolarias one is so closely aUied to
an American species, th a t I doubt the propriety of keeping them separate, Avhile the other appears a
very distinct species ; the Fuchsias arc both extremely peculiar, one of them being the only species
th a t has no petals. Altogether there ai’e 70 genera common to New Zealand and South America,