and very little white on the throat. It is sexed as a male, and was procured on the 20th of February,
1874, by General Stewart on the Andaman Islands.
The adult male may be described as f o llo w sE n t ir e head and neck orange-chestnut, suffused
with brown on the forehead and crown; the rest of the upper parts greyish-blue, each feather with a
darker centre; lores nearly white; eye-stripe obsolete; lesser wing-coverts greyish-blue; median
wing-coverts greyish-blue, with dark bases; greater wing-coverts greyish-blue, with dark brown
inner webs; tertials greyish-blue; secondaries and primaries brown, more or less margined on
the outer webs with greyish-blue ; centre tail-feathers and outer webs of the others bluish-grey; the
remainder brown; ear-coverts orange-chestnut; underparts cinnamon-chestnut, shading into white
on the chin, centre of belly, thighs, and under tail-coverts ; axillaries bluish-grey, with white bases;
lower primary-coverts bluish-grey; lower secondary-coverts white, with bluish-grey bases.
Geocichline markings on inner webs of quills, white.
Bill brown, paler at the base of the under mandible; second primary intermediate in length
between the sixth and seventh; legs, feet, and claws pale flesh-colour; ;outer tail-feathers 0T5 inch
shorter than the longest.
Length of wing 4-2 to 3-8 inches, tail 3T to 2*6 inches, culmen 0 ‘85 to 0-8 inch, tarsus 1*25 to
1*2 inch; bastard-primary projecting some way beyond the primary-coverts, its exposed portion
measuring l -05 to 0'85 inch.
Females appear to differ from males in having the greyish-blue of the upper parts suffused with
green, most conspicuously so on the mantle, and least so on the rump and upper tail-coverts. They
also show traces of the two dark bands across the ear-coverts which are so conspicuous in Geocichla
cyanonota at all ages, and in the immature birds of the other species in the sub-generic group.
There is one example of the young in first plumage in the British Museum. It very closely
resembles the same plumage of Geocichla citrina, but the wing-coverts and the feathers of the mantle
have rufous shaffc-streaks.
The species is figured on the same Plate as Geocichla rubecula. The figure represents a male in
my collection collected by Captain Wimberley at Port Blair in February 1874.
GEOCICHLA RUBECULA, Gould.
JAVAN GROUND-THRUSH.
Geocichla rubecula,. Gould, P. Z. S. 1836, p. 7; Seebohm, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. v. p. 174
(1881).
Turdus rubecula, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 220 (1847).
G. pileo et pectore aurantiaco-castaneis: dorso clare schistaceo: tectricibus alarum mediis albo terminatis,
majoribus autem dorso concoloribus.
This Ground-Thrush is very closely related to its ally on the mainland, the Orange-headed Ground-
Thrush, Geocichla citrina, and might almost be regarded as an island race of that species, but there
is no evidence that they intergrade. On an average the Javan species is rather smaller than
its a lly : it is slightly darker in colour on the head and nape than typical examples of Geocichla
citrina, and it further differs from that species in having the greyish-blue of the upper parts and the
orange-chestnut of the underparts deeper in colour.
The Javan Ground-Thrush is intermediate between Geocichla citrina and G. aurata, and is so
nearly allied to both of them that it doubtless owes its claims to specific rank to the fact of its
isolation on the islands of Java and Bali. As it has white tips to the median wing-coverts, but no
white on the throat, it can only be confounded with these two allied species. It is slightly smaller
than Geocichla citHna (wing 4’4 to 4-0 inches), and is darker both on the upper and underparts. It
differs from Geocichla aurata in being darker on the underparts and in having white under
tail-coverts.
The species appears to be confined to the two islands above mentioned, and Javan specimens
are not rare in collections. Dr. Yorderman records it from Mt. Salak in West Java (Nat. Tijdschr.
Nederl. Ind. xlv. p. 47, 1885). Mr. Doherty has more recently found it in Bali (Hartert, Nov. Zool.
iii. p. 537).
The adult male and female may be described as follows:—Entire head and neck dark orange-
chestnut, the rest of the upper parts dark greyish-blue, each feather with a slightly darker
centre; lores orange-chestnut; eye-stripe obsolete; lesser wing-coverts dark greyish-blue; median
wing-coverts dark greyish-blue, with concealed black bases and broad white tip s ; greater wing-
coverts dark greyish-blue, with dark brown inner webs; tertials dark greyish-blue; secondaries and
primaries brown, the outer webs of the former margined with dark greyish-blue, and those of
the latter, where unemarginated, with paler greyish-blue; centre tail-feathers and outer webs of the
others dark bluish-grey, the rest brown; ear-coverts dark orange-chestnut; underparts orange-
chestnut, shading into white on the vent, thighs, and under tail-coverts; axillaries bluish-grey, with
white bases; lower primary-coverts bluish-grey; lower secondary-coverts white, with bluish-grey
bases.
Geocichline markings on inner webs of quills, white.
Second primary intermediate in length between the sixth and eighth; legs, feet, and claws flesh