The number of national crania accéssible to any individual is comparatively
small, and the conclusions which can be drawn from them must be proportionally
imperfect. I, therefore, state the following deductions, not as ascertained scientific
results, hut as those to which I have been led by such facts as have hitherto fallen
under my observation.
1. The independente of any tribe or nation, that is to say, its freedom from
foreign yoke, is the result of a large development of the organs of self-esteem,
firmness, and combativeness or destructiveness, in the majority of the people.
Independente of a foreign yoke may be achieved, fir s tly , by submitting to
extermination in preference to subjection; or secondly, by successful self-defence.
The former (independence maintained at the expense of existence) is the
result of a combination in which the organs of self-esteem, firmness, combativeness
and destructiveness are p lu s , and the moral and intellectual organs minus; and the
aggregate size of the whole brain is minus, in the nation which is exterminated,
compared with that of the nation which attacks it. The Caribs and the Iroquois
Indians, (see Plates XXXVII and LXIV,) for example, have never been subdued
by the Anglo Saxon race, but have sternly maintained their independence. They,
however, have not been able to sustain themselves as independent communities
possessing their own territories; but have either been exterminated or removed
into distant regions. They have receded before the superior strength, combination,
and skill ol their invaders, but never bowed the neck and became quietly subject
to them. The combination now mentioned occurs in their brains.
Independence secured b y successful self-defence, is the accompaniment of an
aggregate size of brain, animal, moral and intellectual, equal to that of the invading
nation. The Araucanians, (Plates LXVI, LXVII, LXVIII,) in South America,
and the Swiss in Europe, (Plate LXXI,) afford examples of this remark.
Pe rmanent subjection to a fo r e ig n yoke, is the result of an inferior aggregate
development of brain, animal, moral and intellectual, in the people subdued, to
that possessed by the conquering tribe; but with the moral and intellectual organs
larger in the subdued people in proportion to the organs of combativeness, destructiveness
and self-esteem, than they exist in tribes which prefer extermination to
submission. The Peruvians and Mexicans, subdued by the Spaniards, and the
Hindoos subdued by the British in India, afford examples* In them the aggregate
size of the whole brain is less than the aggregate size of the whole brain in the
Spaniards and English; but in them also the moral and intellectual regions of the
brain are larger in proportion to the animal region, than in the Caribs and the
Iroquois Indians. The increased size of the moral and intellectual regions in