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TH ERMOME TERS
1 A thermometer with the scale on Fahrenheit from 600 gr. above and 280 gr.
below o, made by Dollond.
| 2 A similar one going to 600 gr. above and 44 gr. below o, by Bianchi. On this
one is also the scale of Reaumur.
•j- 3 A similar though smaller thermometer, going to 600 gr. above and 44 gr.
below o, by Wast.
4 A thermometer of Prins, with the scales of Fahrenheit and Reaumur, going on
the Fahr. scale from 60 gr. below to 212 gr. above o.
f 5 A thermometer of Dollond with a scale of Fahrenheit, going from ... gr.
below to 212 gr. above o.
6 A chest, in which the following twelve experimental thermometers with scales
of Fahrenheit out in ivory, suitable for measuring various degrees of heat:
namely, one going to 600B one to 436 — one to 400 gr., one to 260 gr., and
eight to 212 gr. Elsewhere a thermometer with which artificial cold can be
measured going from 336 above to ... gr. below o, and one with a smaller bulb
of 180 above to 32 below o.
Page 43
| 1 A thermometer with which to measure the temperature of the atmosphere,
and in which the mercury is placed in a spiral tube in place of a bulb, to indicate
much more rapidly the changes in temperature.
2 A very sensitive thermometer, according to Hunter, to measure animal heat.
| 3 A thermometer, which indicates the maximum and minimum position to
which mercury has risen or fallen in the night, according to the invention of
..., see Phil. Trans......
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A P P A R A TU S FOR CH A N G IN G L IQ U ID S INTO VAPOURS BY H EA T
f i Two small iron troughs, with bent brass rods, in which are glass tubes, used
for putting moisture on mercury, and in thin glasses, in which water is boiled,
to be lowered.
•f 2 An apparatus, with two cylindrical glasses, in which are placed two thermometers,
and in these also two inverted small glasses; to receive in this the vapours
which are produced by hot water from volatile liquids, which are placed
in glass tubes under these small glasses.
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A P P A R A TU S TO SHOW T H A T TH E PRESSURE OF TH E ATM OSPH ER E
P R E V EN T S L IQ U ID S AT T H E IR NORMAL T EM P ER A TU R E FROM T A K IN G
ON T H E IR GASEOUS S TA T E
| i A small bottle with a brass stopper on a ®grew fitting, which fits on the plate
of the air-pump, which, by a simple sliding rod, is opened in rarefied air,
Verhandelingen, x, XIII, fig. 1.
f 2 A hammer on a spring, which is released in rarefied air, and breaks small
glass balls that are filled with water or spirits of wine.
f 3 An apparatus to break off the end of a small glass tube filled with water or
spirits of wine, while this is in rarefied air submerged under oil, so that the
vapour generated from the liquid is seen to rise up through the oil as air
bubbles, Verhandelingen, x, XIII, fig. 2.
f 4 An apparatus consisting of six glass tubes filled with mercury, in five of which,
floating on the mercury, are 1) water, 2) spirits of wine, 3■ aether vitriol,
4) ammoniaque or alcali fluor, 5) alcali volatil concretum, which form vapours
that will again leave their vapour state when they are lowered in this
apparatus in iron mercury-tubes; Verhandelingen, x, XIII, fig. 3.
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a p p a r a t u s f o r b o i l i n g w a t e r a n d o t h e r l iq u id s
■j- i An apparatus consisting of 2 bent tubes with taps at both ends, on a cover
plate on a glass cylinder placed on the plate of an air-pump ; to which can be
screwed several glasses of different sizes and glass tubes in which thermometers
are placed, to demonstrate the boiling of water and other liquids by
low degrees of heat, when the air above the liquids is strongly evacuated.
2 An evacuated glass tube, within it coloured spirits of wine, to show the
vaporizing of boiling by the warmth of the hand.
f 3 A thin glass on a base, in which is a glass tube having within it a thermometer,
to show that water, when standing in boiling water, takes on the heat
of the boiling water but does not boil in it.
•f 4 A small closed brass kettle, within it a thermometer and on it a safety valve,
to show that boiling water takes on a greater amount of heat when the
vapour is enclosed.
5 A kettle with a bent tube and tap, in which the water vapour can be enclosed
and released, and in which a thermometer stands in the vapour, which
indicates how the much greater heat of the enclosed vapour immediately
decreases to 212 gr. as soon as the enclosed vapour is released.
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e x p a n s i v e f o r c e o f w a t e r v a p o u r a n d o t h e r l iq u i d s
1 A brass ball, or so-called Aeolipila, on a small carriage, ’s Gravesande, Elem.
Phys., LXXVIII, fig. 1.
"I" 2 A brass sphere with a bent tube, and with it a furnace, to make a fountain
through the force of water vapour, Nollet, [iv], leçon 12, II, fig. 8, 9.
3 A brass sphere on a ring, which is heated by a spirits of wine lamp, and by the
force of this vapour makes a jet,
4 A cylinder which, through the reaction of the vapour forced from openings
in the side, is rotated with speed, Musschenbroek, Introd. ad phil. nat.,
XXIII, fig. 2.
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COMBUSTION
I. The apparatus of Lavoisier to show what is produced by the combustion of
charcoal in oxygen, Lavoisier, Traité Elém., XII, fig. 9. Improved according
to M. van Marum (see the same joined to the gasometers and the Woulfe
bottles on plate VII, Verhandeling, x).
2 The apparatus for the combustion of oil in oxygen, to show the same products,
largely by Lavoisier, plate XII, is made more simply according to Van Marum
(see the same joined to the apparatus belonging to it on plate VIII in the
above-mentioned volume x).
3 A glass sphere of 13 inches diameter, with a brass plate, and closed by 2 taps,
in which is a small crucible of platina, to let phosphorus be ignited in strongly
evacuated air, and then allow it to burn in oxygen; see the above-mentioned
volume x, VIII [should read VIj§|Sg
f 4 The apparatus for the combustion of spirits of wine according to Lavoisier,
Traité Elém. IX, fig. 5.
5 The apparatus for the oxidation of mercury in oxygen ; see the above-mentioned
volume x, XI.
X I 6 The apparatus for the combustion and oxidation of iron in oxygen placed
above mercury; see the above-mentioned volume x, XII, fig. 1, 2.
f 7 The apparatus with which to experiment on the combustion of phosphorus
and other inflammable substances in oxygen over mercury; see the above-
mentioned volume x, XII, fig. 3, 4, 5.