whether it could be translocated and naturalised on the cliffs of our
shores also. Other dye-licliens might perhaps still more easily be
naturalised ; for instance, Lecanora tartarea, L. parella, Pertusaria
communis, Parmelia sordida, Isidium corallinum and some others,
which furnish the Cudbear or Persio.
R o s a a lb a , Linné.
Europe, Western Asia. Can he held specifically apart from R.
canina. According to recent researches of Dr. G. Dieck at Merse- •
bui-u, a scented variety of this species serves also for oil-distillation
at the Balkan. Roses for A tta r should only be just unfolding, should
be collected a t the earliest morning-hours, and a t once submitted to
distillation. Of the white and Damascene Rose, the calyx is left with
the petals [Dr. Dieck]. Mr. Schimmel’s fields of oil-roses near Leipzig,
commenced in 1884, for steam-distillation of rose-oil, cover now
about 120 acres, furnishing annually 175,000 to 220,000 lbs. of roses,
which yield from 25 to 45 lbs. pure oil. This is now^ sent out free
of stearopten, therefore always in a liquid state a t ordinary temperatures,
such oil being of most concentrated scent, superior to any
hitherto purchasable. The particular rose-plants, fit for oil-pro-
duotion, come well through the hard and protracted winters of
Saxony. The price of Turkish rose-oil ranges generally from £15
to £16 per lb.
R o s a o a n in a , Linné.
The “ Dog-Rose.” Europe, Northern and Middle Asia, North-
Africa Furnishes one of the best stocks, on which hybrid Roses
can be budded. This species attains a very great age ; the famed
and sacred rose a t the cathedral of Hildesheim exiried before tn a t
edifice was built, therefore before the ninth century [Langriha-iJ. I t
is the “ Rose-tree of thousand years ag e ” ; it is regarded with undiminished
veneration still a t the present day, and continues to Aouri^sb
Historic records prove as well as legends and tradition, th a t in 815
the Emperor Ludwig, the son of Charles the Great, caused the partly
still existing chapel to he built in commemoration of an event connected
with this identical plant [Heuzenroeder]. Dr. Roemer
doubts whether the age of the rootstock of the individual rose now
existing there can he traced back beyond 300 years, renewal of mam
branches occurring after 30 years. Mr. Niemann, of St. Peteraburg,
recommends for stock a rose which is according to Dr. Regel K. cin-
namomea (Linné), while Mr. O. Froebel, of Zuerich, has latMy lauded
for tbis purpose a rose, which is a variety of E. canina. Phe vanety
Froebeli from the Ural and Caucasus is the best of all for stock to
inoculate on [L. Moeller], A hybrid between E. cmnamomea, L. and
R acioiilaris, Lindley, serves as one of,the best and hardiest of stocks
for grafting [C. Bartleon]. Mr. Th. Nietner, of Potsdam, has just
issued an index of 5,000 kinds of Garden-Eoses. Brief exposure to
hot water accelerates the germination of any rose-seeds.
R o s a c e n tifo lia , Linné.*
The Cabbage-Rose, Moss-Rose, Provence-Rose. Indigenous on
the Caucasus and seemingly also in other parts of the Orient, or
originated rather as a garden-form from Rosa Gallica [Regel,
Crépin]. I t will endure the frosts of Norway as far north as lat.
70° [Schuebeler]. Much grown iu South-Europe and Southern
Asia for the distillation of rose-water and oil or attar of roses.
T h e variety E. provincialis (Aiton) is especially esteemed. No
pruning is resorted to, only the dead branches are removed ; the
harvest of flowers is from the middle of May till nearly the middle of
Ju n e ; the gathering takes place before sunrise [Simmonds]. From
12,000 to 16,000 roses, or from 250 lbs. to 300 lbs. of rose petals, are
required according to some calculations for producing a single ounce
■of a tta r through ordinary distillation. The flowers require to be cut
ju st before expansion ; the calyx is separated and rejected ; the remaining
portions of the flowers are then subjected to aqueous distillation,
and the saturated rose-water so obtained is repeatedly nsed for
renewed distillation, when on any cold place the oil separates from
the overcharged water and floats on the surface, whence it can be
collected after refrigeration by fine birds’ feathers. Rose-oil consists
of a hydro-carbon stearopten, which is scentless, and an elaeopten,
which is the fragrant principle. But some other methods might be
employed for producing the oil ; for instance, it may be got by distilling
the rosebuds without water at the heat of a water-bath, or by
merely passing steam through the still. The odor might also he
withdrawn by alcoholic distillation from the roses or he extracted by
the “ enfleurage ” process. The latter is effected by placing the
flowers, collected while the weather is warm, into shallow frames
covered with a glass-plate, on the inner side of which a pure fatty
substance has been thinly spread. The scent of the flowers is absorbed
by the adipose or oleous substance, though the blossoms do not come
in direct contact with it ; fresh flowers are supplied daily for weeks.
The scent is finally withdrawn from its matrix by maceration with
pure alcohol. Purified eucalyptus-oil can be used for diluting rose-
oil, when it is required for the preparation of scented soap. The
essential oil of orange-peel might similarly he employed as a vehicle.
The “ Revue Agricole ” lately stated, th a t from various kinds of
Roses about 30 million lbs. of flowers are annually gathered for
oil-distillation in Southern France, the price being 2d. to 2-Jd. a lb.
R o s a D am a s c e n a , Miller.*
Orient. Allied to the preceding and the following species ; also
largely used for the production of essential oil of roses. The particular
varieties used in Turkey are called by Dr. Dieck trigintipetala
and Byzantina ; the latter grows easily from cuttings and produces
long shoots, the former is flowering still richer even in Germany, both
have through him become articles of horticultural commercé. Prof.
Crépin reduces R. Damascena to R. Gallica. According to Dr. G. .
Dieck R. alba (Linné) is also a variety of this or a hybrid with