according to the “ British Trade-.Toiirnal,” the produce of cocoons
amounted in Europe to £16,088,000; in Asia to £28,112,000; in
Africa to £44,000 ; in tho Sonth-Soa Islands to £24,000 ; in America
to £20,000—thus giving a general total of £44,788,000. In 187.7
tho yield of raw silk in the district of Kajslialiyo (British India) was
estimated at £400,000, employing abont 12,000 people, tbo plantations
extending approximately over 150 sqnaro miles [Dr. S. Forbes
Watson]. in that district alone a qnartor of a million people derivo
their support from tbo trade and otlier branches of tbo silk-imbistries.
Great liritaiii imported in 1884 4,519,000 llis. of raw silk, to a value
of £3,341,000 ; of tlirown silk, husks and waste to tlio valno of
£907,000, irrospoctivo of manufactured silk-goods, tlio coat of wbicli
amoiintod to nearly olovon million pounds sterling. In 1889 tbe imports
came to 3,123,000 lbs. of raw silk of a doclarod valno of £2,192,000,
607,000 lbs. of tlirown silk worth £511,000, busks and wasto to the
amount of about £900,000, and manufactiircd to tlio valno of
£11,790,000. ïh o Fronoli Govcriimont fostered in 1890 tbo silk-
prodnotiou witliiii its own territory by a subsidy of £140,000.
Superior varieties of mulbovry can bo grafted with case on ordin.ary
stock. M. Indica, L., M. inacropliylla, Morotti, M. Morottiana,
Jacq., M. Chinensis, Bertol., M. latifolia, Boir., M. Italioa, Poir., M.
Japónica, Nois., M. Byzniitina, Siob., M. nervosa, Dob, M. pumila,
Nois, M. tortuosa, Audib., as well as M. Constantinopolitana,
Lamarck, wliich according to Professor C. Koch is identical with M.
multicaulis of Porrottot, aro inorcly forms of M. alba, to which
probably also M. Tatarica, L. and M. palmlaria, Jacquin, belong.
The variety, known as M. Indica, produces black fruits. Tho raising
of MulboiTy-troos has recently assumed onormons dimensions in
California, wliero between seven and eight millions wore planted
since 1870. Tlio process of roaring the silk-insoct is simple, and
involves no laborious exertions. Tlio cocoons, after they luive been
properly steamed, dried aud jirossed, readily find pnrcliasors in
Europe, tho price ranging according to quality from 3s. to 6s. per lb.
Tlie eggs of the silk-motli sell at a price from 16s. to £ 2 por ounce ;
in 1870, Jap an had to provide two millions of oniioes of silk-ova for
Europe, wliero tlio worms liad oxtonsively fallou victims to disoaso.
As an example of tlio profit to ho realized, a Californian fact may bo
cited, according to wliich £ 7 0 0 wore tlio clear gain from 3^ acres,
tho working expenses Imviiig been £93. Tbo Coirimissionor of
Agricnltnro of tlio United States has estimated, tliat viiuler ordinary
circumstances an acre sbovibi support from 700 to 1,000 mnlborry-
trees, producing, wliou four years old, 5,000 lbs. of leaves fit for food.
On tiiis quantity of loaves can bo roared 140,000 worms, from wliicli
ova a t a net-profit, ranging from £80 to £240 por acre, will bo
obtained by tbo work of one person. Tlio produce of mulberry
leaves in Franco for 1890 was estimated a t ovor 200,000 tons, valued
a t about £400,000 [Sahut, from “ Bull, dii Ministère de l ’Agriculture.”]
Mr. C. Brady, of Sydney, thinks tlie probable proceeds of silk-
cultnro to bo from £60 to £150 for the acre. The discrepancies iu
calcnlationa of tliis kind aro explained by differences in clime, soil,
attoiition, treatment and also rate of lalionr.
A very palatable fruit is obtained from a variety cultivated in
Beloocliistaii aud Afglianistan. Tlio wliito-frnitod tree was found
apparently wilii by Dr. A. v. Ilogol, a t Tasohkond ami Tutkaul ; the
stems there wore 7 foot thick.
Tho results of Mr. Brady’s oxporicnco on tlio varieties of Moms
alba aro as follows : In tho normal form the frnits aro white with a
purplish, tinge more or loss deep ; tho bark is pale ; tlio loaf is also
of a pale hue, not very early, nor vory tender, nor very abnndant.
I t may ho grown on moist ground, so long as svicli is drained, or it
will livo even on poor, loose, gravelly soil, hordoriiig on running
water. The Covonnos-variety is a froo grower, aflbrds a large
quantity of leaves, tliough of ratlior thick consistence ; all varieties
of the Morus-Bombyx liko tlieso loaves, wliothor yonng or old ; it is
also callod tlie Rosc-loavcd variety ; the silk, which it yields, is suli-
stantial in quantity and also good in quality ; does best on rioli dry
slopes. Tho biisliy Indian variety lias a fme loaf of a beautiful green,
which, tliough light in weight, is abundantly produced ; it can bo
cut back to the stom three or four times a year ; the leaves aro flat,
long and pointed, possess a fine aroma, and aro rolisbod by every
variety of the ordinary silk-insect, tlioiigli all do not tlirivo equally
well on it ; tlie silk derived from this variety is excelloiit, bnt not
always so heavy in quantity as tliat produced from tlie rosy variety ;
it prefers rich, low-iying bottoms, is a greedy feeder, but may thus lie
made to cover an extraordinary breadth of alluvial or manured land
in a marvellously short space of time. A t Sydney Mr. Brady can
provide leaves from tliis Indian variety all througli tlio year by tlio
removal of cuttings, which will strike tlioir roots almost a t .^ny
season ; it also ripens seeds readily, and sliould bo kept a t busli-sizo ;
it requires naturally less space tlian tlio otlier kinds. A fourth
variety comes from Nortli-Cliina ; it lias hoart-sliaped, fiat, tiiickish
loaves, wliicli form very good food for tlie silk-worm. Mr. Brady, as
well as Mr. Martelli, recommend very particularly tlio variety passing
under tho name of Moras multioanlis for the worms in tlieir earliest
stages. Tlio former recommends tlio Capo-variety also ; tho latter
wishes likewise the variety callod Morus Morettlaiia to bo used on.
account of its succnlont nutritious foliago, so well adajitod for the
insect, wliile yot very young, and also ou account of producing ^ tlio
largest amount of food within the sliortest time. This Mauilla-
variety, above mentioned as Moras miilticanlis, comes into bearing
several weeks earlier than most other sorts, and sliould tlierefore bo
a t hand for early hatched worms. An excellent phytological exposition
of tlie mimoroiis varieties of the White Mulberry-tree is given in
Do Candolle’s prodromns X V II . 238-245 (1873), liy Bureau.
Tbe Miiscardine-disoaso is produced by Botrytis Bassiana, while
the still more terrible Pebrine-disease is caused by the minute
Nosema bombycis (Naegeli). On the Pebrino Pasteur’s researches
since 1865 have sliod much light. The silk-worm may become