270 Select Plants fo r Industrial Culture and
available in 1890, containing each about 2L Ibs. of this saccharine substance.
The small kernels are edible. Jubæa Torallyi ascends the
Andes to 8,500 feet. F irst introduced into the colony of Victoria
by the writer of this work.
J u g l a n s c in e re a , Linné.*
The Butternut-tree of Eastern North-America. Up to 75 feet
high ; stem-diameter to 4 feet. Growth of comparative celerity
admits of transplantation readily. Likes rocky places iu rich forests,
but is also content with poor soil. Branches widely spreading, thus-
well adapted for shade lines. Wood lighter in colour than that of
the black walnut, durable and free from attacks of insects. I t is
particularly sought for furniture, panels of coaches, corn-shovels,
wooden dishes and similar implements, as it is not heavy nor liable to
split. Splendid for select post and rails needing durability ; it is soft
and therefore easily worked. This tree with J . nigra endures even
the severe frosts of St. Petersburg, where the Caryas can no longer
be maintained [Regel]. The kernel of the nut is more oily than th a t
of the ordinary walnut ; taste similar to th a t of Brazil-nuts. The
leaves, bark and husk are of medicinal importance, and so are those
of other species. The sap is saccharine [C. Koch]. A form of this
or a closely allied species occurs on the Upper Amazon-River
[Spruce], aud on the mountains of Venezuela [Prof. Ernst ; Dr..
Dyer].
J u g l a n s c o rd ifo rm is , Maximowicz.
Japan. This species approaches in many respects J . Sieboldiana.
J u g l a n s M a n d s c h u ric a , Maximowicz.
Corea and Mandschuria. This Walnut is allied to J . cinerea o f
North-America. Wood splendid for cabinet-work. The nuts available
as well for the table as for oil-factories.
J u g l a n s CaRfornica, S. Watson.
From California to New Mexico, along the course of streams irt
rich moist soil. A handsome symmetrical tree of much utility,
attaining a height of 60 feet and a stem-diameter of 3 feet [Dr-
Gibbons]. Hardy in Christiania still.
J u g l a n s n ig ra , Linné.*
Black Walnut-tree. Eastern North-America. Attains a height
of 150 feet ; trunk grows to 7 feet in diameter ; fond of rich forestland.
Quicker of growth than the European Walnut-tree, but the
wood not so easily worked [Meehan], Maximum rate of circumferential
stem-growth in Nebraska 4 feet a t 2 feet frpm the ground
in 16 years [Fu rn as]. The tree will bear fruit after 10 years, giving
when of large size, 10 to 15 or even 20 bushels in a season, realizing
as much as 4s. per bushel, The tree is hardy still in Çhristiania,
Naturalisation in Extra-Tropical Countries. 271
Norway. Adopted lately among trees from abroad for the Prussian
forests on a large scale. Wood most ornamental, purplish-brown,
turning dark with age, strong, tough, not liable to warp nor to split ;
not attacked by insects. Supplies three-fourths of the material for
hardwood-furniture in the United States [Sargent], aud fetches-
there the highest price. Wood stored for many years is the best for
gun-stocks, and used also for musical instruments. For the sake of
its compactness, durability, and its susceptibility to high polish, it is
much sought for elegant furniture, stair-rails and other select purposes.
Seeds more oily than the European Walnut. The tree extends in a
slightly altered variety to Bolivia and Argentina [Weddell] and a t
elevations of 2,000 to 4,000 feet in Peru [P . Clarke ; W. Thiselton,
Dyer]. J . insularis (Grisebach) is either a native of Cuba or a
species cultivated there [Dyer].
J u g l a n s reg ia , Linné.*
The ordinary Walnut-tree of Europe, indigenous in Hungary
[Heuffel] and Greece [Heldreich], extending from the Black Sea to
Beloochistan and Burmah, and seemingly also occurring in North-
China, preferentially in calcareous soil. I t attains a height of fully
100 feet, and lives many centuries. Introduced into Britain already
by the Romans. Professor Schuebeler found it hardy in Norway to
lat. 63° 35', bearing fruit occasionally ; in lat. 60° 14' it attained still
a height of nearly 50 feet and a stem-circumference of 13 feet. An
aged Walnut-tree a t Mentmore had a circumference of 12^ feet a t 4
feet from the ground, its branches spreading diametrically to about 100
feet [Masters]. W'ood light and tough, much sought for gun-stocks,
the exterior of pianofortes and the choicest furniture. The shells of
the nut yield a black pigment, the leaves serve also for dye-purposes,
and have come further into external medicinal use. Trees of select
quality of wood have been sold at enormous prices, being the most
valuable of Middle-Europe. To economize it, frequently it is cut up
into veneers. In some departments of France a rather large quantity
of oil is pressed from the nuts, which, besides serving as an article
of diet, is used for the preparation of fine colours. To obtain first-class
fruit, the trees are grafted in France [Michaux]. They commence
to bear already after ten years. The produce of Walnuts in France
for 1890 was estimated at over 100,000 tons, valued a t more than
£800,000 [Sahut, from Bull, du Ministère d’Agriculture], Bordeaux,
alone exports about 65,000 cwt. of Walnuts annually. An almost
huskless variety occurs in the north of China. Nuts for distant
transmission, to arrive in a fit state for germination, are best packed
quite fresh in casks between layers of dry moss. Canalisation with
the adjuncts of elevated irrigatory reservoirs, for which Walnut-trees
aSord one of the most useful and permanent surroundings, will lessen
the danger of disastrous floods. This applies as well to borings a t
ledges of rocks, to effect the gradual off-flow from unnavigable reaches-
and for utilisation of the otherwise unproductive water..