inferior with the superior languages. The Sunda,
Madura, and Bali, abound not only with words of
pure Javanese beyond any other languages of the
Archipelago, but they have adopted the most extrinsic,
artificial, and superfluous portion of the Javanese
; the dialect of deference and respect, almost,
word for word, as it exists in that language.
The influence of the Javanese upon the Malay has
been less considerable, but great. Of the portion
which is common to the Malay and Javanese, it
would be no easy or possible matter to define which
was received into the Malay from the great Polynesian
language, and which through the more modern
vernacular language. The more radical and necessary
may generally be considered, as having come
from the great East-Insular tongue ; the more incidental
and extrinsic from the vernacular lana©n ae©re of Java. Sometimes words received from the latter
source refer to some peculiar or local usage of
modern Java, when they may be easily identified ;
at other times, the words are no better than the affectations
of the learned, and may even be recognized
by a foreign pronunciation. An additional
influence on the part of the Javanese on the Malay,
seems to have been exerted on the dialects of some of
the Malayan states, after their emigration from the
parent state on Sumatra. In the Patani dialect of
Malay, I find, for example, many words of Javanese
in familiar use, but which are unknown to any
of the rest of the tribes. The following are examples
y la was, old, of long standing ; hulun, I ;
mu, thou ; kulon, west ; wetan, east ; lor, north ;
kidul, south ; muning, angry ; dalik, to hide ;
mamah, to masticate ; bangun, to mend ; tiba, 1.
to fall, 2. to arrive ; jupuk, to take ; suwek, to
tear. Javanese tradition, in fact, of no very remote
antiquity, describes the existence of a connection
of a very intimate nature between Java and
the state of Patani, on the eastern shore of the
Malayan peninsula.
The greater number of words common to the
Malay and Javanese languages are, however, of a
more radical and permanent character than those
just referred to ; and whether they be of the great
Polynesian language, or modern Javanese, seems
of less consequence than to determine that the language
of Java, under whatever name, and not the
Malay, is the primitive tongue. In words common
to both languages, it often happens, that the
figurative sense of a, word only is recognized in
Malay ; at other times, the Malay word is a derivative
from some Javanese root ; and, occasionally,
the Malay word, which appears, at first view, a
simple word, is a compounded one in Javanese,
the component parts of which have no existence
in the former language. A few examples of each
will, I think, satisfy the reader of the originality
of the Javanese. The literal sense of the word