spar o f a flesh red colour. It contains pure white quartz, in separate
masses; both the quartz and the felspar are o f a quality adapted
for the manufacture of porcelain. There are also layers of mica;
but like those o f the quartz they occur separately, and not mixed
with the other minerals. So that this rock contains all the constituents
o f granite or gneiss; though not arranged in the usual
manner. An irregularity by no means uncommon in the primitive
rocks. It was in the flesh red felspar that Arhenius discovered
the black conchoidal mineral, afterwards distinguished by the name
o f Gadolinite. Its specific gravity is above 4. It was analysed by
Gadolin, and found by him to contain a new earth, to which the name
o f Yttria was given, from the appellation o f the quarry where the
gadolinite is found. Probably the most accurate analysis of gadolinite,
is the last one which was made by Ekeberg, and which I s h a l l here
state. It was as follows :
Yttria............................ 65-5
Silica................................. 23-0
Glucina..............f . ............... 45
Oxide of iro n ......................... 16-5
Volatile ma tter.................... o-5
loo-o
It was in the felspar likewise o f this quarry that Ekeberg found the
mineral, in which he detected the metal called by him Tantalum, and
which, Dr. Wollaston has since shown, possesses the same properties
with the Columbium o f Hatchett. To this mineral, from its containing
both yttria and tantalum, Ekeberg gave the name o f Yttrotanta-
lite. Neither gadolinite nor yttrotantalite are now to be found in the
quarry o f Ytterby, except by the rarest accident. But gadolinite has
been found in other parts o f Sweden, particularly in the neighbourhood
ofFahlun.
I shall terminate my account of Upland, with a kind o f catalogue
of the principal iron mines in it; that the reader may be able to form
some notion o f the degree o f riches which it possesses in this
respect.
1. Dannemora, the first in eminence, has been already described.
2. Kalkberg, in the parish o f Film, wrought since the year
1694.
3 . Engeskar, in the parish o f Hollnas.
4. Valla, in the parish of Vessland.
5 . Hytteon, in the parish o f Elfkarleby.
6. Vasby, in the parish o f Tierp, wrought since the year 1691.
7. Burunge, in the parish o f Vendel.
8 and 9. Slasby and Vattholma, in the parish o f Lena.
10. Gromur, in the parish of Bjorklinge.
11. Skallby, in the parish of Rasbo Kihl.
12. Ramhall, in the parish of Alunda. The ore yields from 41 to
55 per cent o f iron. It is mixed with limestone, hornblende, and
mica. In the same parish a bed o f steatite occurs.
13 . 14, 15 , 16, 17, 18, 19. Vamsta, Botilsbo, Rorberg, Fogelleks,
Longbro, Djupkarret, Jufvansbo, all in the parish of Valo.
20,21. Grosatra and Mellby, in the parish of Borstel.
22. Bjorsta, in the parish o f Harg. It lies in mica-slate, has been
wrought since the year 1664, and yields at an average about 60 per
cent, of iron.
23. Rodarne, in the parish o f Hokhufvud.
24. 25, 26. Herrang, Longskar, Lappgrufve, in the parish o f
Havero.
27. Massom, in the parish o f Vaddo.
These are the principal iron mines. The ore is always magnetic iron
stone. It occurs usually, i f not always, in veins, and is most commonly
accompanied with limestone. Besides the iron mines there is
likewise a copper mine in the province of Upland, but of no great consequence.
It is called Bjornebo, and lies in the parish o f Valo. There
is also a lead mine, or, as the Swedes choose to term it, and as they in
reality render it by their injudicious mode of working, a silver mine in
the same province. It is called Borggords, lies in the parish o f Hok-
2 c 2