an d 17 o f th e se ai*e n o t fo u n d iu A u s tra lia , o r elsewh ere in th e O ld "World. I t is c u rio u s th a t n o n e
o f th e l a tte r b e lo n g to th o s e p e c u lia rly A i'ctic a n d n o r th tem p e ra te g e n e ra m e n tio n e d in th e n o te to
p . xxiv, ex c ep t Caltha, to a so u th e rn fo rm o f w h ich , h owever, th e N ew Z e a lan d species belo n g s.
3 . P la n ts common to N ew Z ea la n d , A u s tr a lia , a n d S o u th A m e r ic a .— O f th e 77 p la n ts com m o n
to th e se th i’ee c o u n trie s , w h ich in c lu d e o n e -te n th o f th e flora o f N ew Z e a lan d , th e m a jo rity a re
Grasse s, 1 0 ; Cyperaceoe, 7-, m o istu re -lu v iu g M o n o co ty led o n s, 9 ; Monochlamydeoe, 8 ; Umbelliferæ
a n d Compositoe e a ch 4 ; a n d fu lly 5 0 o f th e Avhole n um b e r ai’c also fo u n d in E u ro p e , a u d do n o t
in d ic a te an y p e c u lia r affinity b e tw e en tb e se th r e e s o u th e rn ma sse s o f la u d : o f th o s e th a t a re n o t
E iu ’opean, some a re Antai-ctic p la n ts fo u n d in m o im ta iu o u s d is tric ts o f A u s tra lia a n d T a sm an ia , as
O xa lis Magellanica. O f g e n e ra a n d species w h ich , from th e ir n e a r affinity w ith o n e a n o th e r, an d
m a rk e d d is tin c tio n from a n y o th e rs, m a y b e s a id to b e re p re s e n te d in aU th r e e co u n trie s , th e m a jo rity
a re A n ta rc tic , a n d w ill be n o tic ed u n d e r th e fifth h ead .
4 . E u ro p ea n p la n ts in N ew Z ea la n d .— The se , am o u n tin g to 6 0 , o r ab o u t o n e -tw e lfth o f th e
Avhole flora, ai-e in m a n y re sp e c ts th e m o s t in te re s tin g , a n d to th e ir id e n tific a tio n (whicli I co n sid e r
ap p ro x im a te only) I h av e g iv en a g r e a t d ea l o f care. A lan y I co n sid e r s till o p en to in q u iry , Avhich
m a y red u c e th e ir supposed n um b e rs ; b u t o n th e o th e r h a n d I am sm-e th a t fu tu r e discove ries will
ad d to th em . T o some e x te n t th e se a re d is trib u te d a c co rd in g to Avell-defined laws, w h ich do ac co rd
Avith fa c ilitie s fo r m ig ra tio n b y tra n sp o rt, th u s :— a. 17 a re se a -sh o re p la n ts , o r in h a b ita n ts o f s a lt
m a rsh e s, as P u p p ia , Za n n ich e llia , A tr ip le x , a n d th e ir allies ; Dodonæa, A r e n a r ia ru b ra , a n d Cahjstegia
Soldanella, also affect c o a s ts ;— b. 16 a re fre sh -w a te r p la n ts , o r n a tiv e s o f v e ry m a rsh y spots, fo r
Avhose tra n s p o r t, hoAvever, i t ap p e a rs to m e as difficult to a c co u n t as i f th e y w e re la n d -p la n ts ;— c. 5
ai-e Compositoe, o f Avhich foiu- h av e p ap p u s ; a fa c ility fo r a e ria l tra n sp o rt, Avhicli loses it s significance
a n d Aveiglit from th e fa c t th a t th e species o f Compositoe (which o f aU O rd e rs is th e la rg e s t a n d m o s t
un iv e rsa l) ai-e th e m o s t local. T h e fa c t o f th e se five b e in g fo u n d in so v e ry m a n y p a rts o f th e g lo b e ,
an d b e in g th e o n ly ones th a t a re so, is e x trem e ly rem a rk a b le , fo r i t p o in ts to o ce an ic tr a n s p o r t as
th e me an s o f th e ir diffusion : th o u g h th e p ro b ab ilitie s a re a g a in s t th e fr a ll h av in g th u s a c c id en ta lly
m e t in th a t m o s t iso la ted a re a w h ich th e y aU in h a b it ;— d. 19 o f th e species a re Glumaceæ, in c lu d in g
seven G rasse s an d th re e aq u a tic Cyperaceoe (which la tte r h av e also h e e n in c lu d ed u n d e r b ).
T h is la rg e p ro p o rtio n o f th e low er O rd e rs o f P hæ n o g am ic p la n ts is in a c co rd an c e w ith a g en e ra l
law o f g eo g rap h ic d is trib u tio n , b u t n o t tb e m o re in te llig ib le o n th a t ac co u n t, fo r I c a n n o t reco g n ize
in th e fr s tru c tu r e o r p h y sio lo g y a n y p e c u lia ritie s th a t re n d e r th em fitte d fo r such d iffu sio n * . A n d I
m a y ad d , th a t a fte r a m o s t ca re fu l m icro sco p ic s tu d y o f th e s tru c tu r e o f th e seeds o f a ll th e p la n ts
com m o n to Eui-ope a n d N cav Z e a lan d , I h av e come to th e co n c lu sio n th a t, as a bo d y , th e y p re s e n t
n o su ch fa c ility fo r tra n s-o c e a n ic o r a e ria l tr a n sp o rt, as Avould a c co u n t fo r th e ir h av in g m ig ra te d
fu r th e r th a n th e m a jo rity o f o th e r p la n ts . T o th is m a y b e ad d e d th e fa c t th a t th e O rd e rs to w h ich th e y
b e lo n g , ai-e n o t th o s e Avhose seeds a fte r tr a n s p o r t a re fo u n d to v eg e ta te m o s t su re ly o r fre e ly in g a rd en s.
A lan y o f th e E u ro p e a n species o c c u rrin g in N ew Z e a lan d a re also A u s tra lia n , T a sm an ian , an d
A n ta r c tic ; some o f th e m o re rem a rk a b le ex c ep tio n s a r e ,—o f p la n ts n o t h ith e r to fo u n d in S o u th
A m e ric a , Hierochloe borealis, Alo p ecu ru s gen icu la tu s, some Carices, an d o th e r M o n o co ty led o n s.
O f p la n ts n o t fo u n d in A u s tra lia , A g r o s tis canina a n d T a ra x a cum officinale. O f th o s e n o t fo u n d
c ith e r in A u s tra lia o r S o u th A m e ric a , Carex s te llu la ia an d P y re n a ica , a n d S p a rg a n ium n a ta n s.
* For some details upon the adaptation of various seeds to oceanic and aerial transport, see my Essay on
the Geographic Distribution of the Plants in the Galapagos Archipelago.—Transactions of the Liiinean Society,
vol. XX.
I t sh o u ld also b e m e n tio n e d h e re , th a t som e v e ry w id e ly diffused E u ro p e a n a n d A u s tra lia n {dants
a re a b s e n t fi-om Ncav Z e a lan d , as L y th r u m S a lica r ia , A lch en iilla arvensis, P o r tu la c a olerácea, H y d r o -
cotyle vulgaris, Z a p a n ia n o difiora, Verbena officinalis, P ru n e lla vu lg a ris, S am o lu s V a le ran d i, Va llisn e ria
sp ira lis, Po tamo g e tó n p e r fo lia tu s a n d crispus, A lism a P la n ta g o , CauUnia oceánica, J u n c u s m a r itim u s
an d effusus, Ca rex ccespitosa, C ladium M a r is cu s , Isolepis flu ita n s , Cype rus ro tu n d a s , G ly c e ria fiu ita n s ,
a n d A ru n d o P h ra gm ite s.
5. Antarctic"*^ p la n ts in N e iv Z e a la n d.— O f th e s e A n ta r c tic p la n ts , a b o u t 5 0 iu h a b it th e m o u n ta
in s an d s o u th e rn ex trem e o f N ew Z e a la n d ; a n um b e r Avhich (as I h av e s ta te d a t p. 15) Avill
p ro b ab ly b e g re a tly in c re a s e d b y fu tu r e discoveries. T h e y m a y b e g eo g rap h ic a lly g ro u p e d as
fo llow s :— a. T h o se o f g e n e ra l d is trib u tio n , b e in g com m o n also to E u ro p e , as C a llitrich e, M o n tia ,
Cardamine h ir su ta , P o ten tilla a n serin a , E p ilo b im n te tra g o n um, M y r io p h y llum , Caly stegia So ld a n e lla
an d C. S epium, Lim o se lla , m a n y Monochlamydece, a n d m o re Mon o co tyled o n e s.— b. T h o s e fo u n d also
in T a sm a n ia !, a n d chiefly o n its m o u n ta in s , b u t n o t e ls ew h e re ; as O xa lis M a g ella n ica , A c a n a ,
some Epilobia, Colobanthus, S c le ra n th u s , T illa a , A p ium , Coprosma, L ep tin e lla , Hiero ch lo e a n tá r c tica,
etc.
T h e b o ta n ic a l a ffin ity b e tw e en e x tra -tro p ic a l S o u th A m e ric a , th e A n ta r c tic is la n d s, N cav Z e a la
n d , a n d T a sm an ia , is, howeAm-, m u c h b e t te r in d ic a te d b y th e p e c u lia r g e n e ra , b y g ro u p s o f th o s e , o r
b y in d iv id u a l species Avhich, as i t w-ere, re p re s e n t o n e a n o th e r in íaa^o o r m o re o f th e s e lo c a litie s , a n d
Avhich give a p e c u lia r b o ta n ic a l c h a ra c te r to th e flo ra o f s o u th e rn la titu d e s b ey o n d la titu d e 35°.
O f th e s e g en e ra , th e r e a re 50 w h ich afford b o ta n ic a l characters* in com m o n , an d g iv e as d ec id ed
a p ro o f o f close affinity in v eg e ta tio n , as do th e 5 0 id e n tic a l sp ecies ab o v e m e n tio n e d . T h e m o s t
conspicuous o f th e se g e n e ra com m o n to a ll th e ab o v e -n am ed lo c a litie s are , Colobanthus, D ro sera ,
A c a n a , Gunnera, O reomy rrh is, L ep tin e lla , La g en o p h o ra , F o r s te ra , P r a tia , GauUheria, G en tia n a ,
E u p h ra s ia , P la n ta g o , D ra p e tes, Fagus, A s te lia , Ju n c u s, Carpha, Ch atospora, Oreobolus, Uncinia,
C arex, an d m a n y G ra sse s, esp e c ia lly Hierochloe, A lo p e cu ru s, T r is e tum , D é y eu x ia , e tc .
I n th e following li s t 2 2 8 species a re th u s c o n t r a s te d : in m o s t o f th e s e cases th e p a ra lle lism is
v e ry s trik in g , b u t a feAv a re o p en to fu tu r e in v e s tig a tio n . I n s k e tc h in g o u t th e gi-and fe a tu re s o f
so la rg e a n a re a , I m u s t d em an d some in d u lg en c e from th o s e o f m y re a d e rs avIio m a y haA-e th e o p p o rtu
n i ty o f g o in g in to th e d e ta ils o f th e evidence I h e re ad d u c e . T h e su b je c t is o n e th a t c a n n o t
be fu lly Avorkcd o u t w ith o u t fa r m o re m a te ria ls th a n h av e h ith e r to b e e n colle c ted . I co u ld ea sily
h av e tre b le d th e li s t were th e r e a n y o b je c t iu d o in g so, b y ad d u c in g in s ta n c e s o f fe eb le r r e p r e s
e n ta tio n ! R ia n I h av e th o u g h t i t Avorth Avhile to in tro d u c e . W h e n th e flo ra s o f th e m o u n ta in s o f
S o u th C h ili, N ew Ze a lan d , S o u th e rn T a sm an ia , th e A u s tra lia n A lp s, th e Cro z e ts, P r in c e EdAvard’s
Is la n d s , A m s te rd am Is la n d , S t. P a u l’s I s la n d , a n d M 'Q u a r r i e Is la n d , sh a ll haA’e b e e n p ro p e rly ex p
lo red , th e g re a t p ro b lem o f R e p re s e n ta tio n a n d D is tr ib u tio n in th e S o u th T em p e ra te a n d A n ta rc tic
zone Avill b e solved.
* For the limitation of the term Antarctic, I must refer to the Introduction to the second part of the ‘ Flora
Antarctica,’ p. 210, and shall only mention here that its flora includes that of Fuegia, the Falklands, with different
islands east and south of them, Tristan d’Acunha, St. Paul’s, Amsterdam and Kerguelen’s Laud, Lord Auckland’s,
Campbell’s, and other islands south aud east of New Zealaud.
^ t Tasmania contains some Antarctic genera and species not hitherto found in New Zealand, which will be
specially alluded to in the Tasmanian Flora, as Pernettya, EumypMa, etc.
! I need hardly remark, that in the following list all the instances selected are of Botanical affinity; to the
exclusion of cases of mere analogical resemblance between plants that are not botanicaUy closely allied.
/