I'
FLOEA OF NEW ZEALAND.
D am m a ra is com m o n to N ew Z e a lan d , th e Mo lu cc as, an d N ew C a le d o n ia ; P o d o ca rp u s is fo u n d in
m a n y p ^ t s o f th e w o rld from J a p a n to th e S tra its o f M ag e llan , from I n d ia to T a sm a n ia a n d S o u th
A in c a ; b u t T h u ja is a b s e n t from A u s tra lia , tb o n g b fo u n d in m o s t c o u n trie s in h a b ite d h y Podocarpus,
a n d in r a th e r h ig h n o r th e rn la titu d e s o f w e s te ru N o r th A m e ric a . S ev e ra l o f th o Coniferoe o f N ew
Z e a lan d a re a lpm e , as a re o th e rs in m a n y p a r ts o f th e world. T h e ab sen ce o f tb e wh o le O rd e r in th e
A tla n tic m th e sm a lle r, rem o te , Antm-ctic a n d Pacific Is la n d s , is o n e o f th e m o s t c u rio u s fe a tu re s in
Its d is trib u tio n a n d in th e ir b o ta n y , fo r Conifm-oe a sc en d th e lo ftie s t m o n n ta in s o f N ew Z e a lan d an d
X asmama.
Scro p h u la rin eæ in c lu d e s m a n y o f th e en d em ic species, th i r ty - th r e e o u t o f th e fo rty b e in g so
O f th e se o n e o f th e tw o Calceolarias is v e ry closely allied to a C h ü ia n species ; th e se a n d th e M im u li,
a s h ru b b y Vei-omca, a n d Onrisia fiirth e r in tim a te ly co n n e c t th e F lo ra w ith th a t o f S o u th A m e ric a
as do o th e r species o f Vei-onica, M im u lu s , Ourisia, a n d E u p h ra s ia w ith th a t o f T a sm an ia .
T a sm aM a ^ '^ " '^ * * '* A u s tra lia n g en e ra , a n d tw o a re species o f th a t c o n tin e n t a n d o f
O f Compositoe u pw a rd s o f sev en ty -fo u r a re en d emic, an en o rm o u s p ro p o rtio n , co n s id e rin g how
fu g itiv e th e ir seeds ai-e, a n d th a t th e g e n e ra a re a lm o s t w ith o u t ex c ep tio n A u s tra lia n . A ra lia c eoe a re
aU p e c u lia r, as a re th e g r e a te r n um b e r o f Umiellifa-oe, an d a ll th e M ijrta ceoe, w ith o n e ex c ep tio n (a
N ew H o lla n d species), a n d a ll b u t fo u r o f th e Ranunculaceoe.
A close b o ta n ic a l re la tio n sliip to o th e r c o u n trie s m a y th u s be tra c e d in m o s t o f th e en d em ic g e n e ra
a n d species. T h e ex c ep tio n a l g e n e ra a re Iwerba, w h ich b e lo n g s to a M ad ag a sc a r fam ily (Brexiaceoe) ■
o r yn o cm p u s , j i a c h I h av e red u c e d to Terebinthaceoe ; Carpodetus, also o f d isp u te d affinity, wh ich I
pla ce ^riEscaJlonioe, a n d w h ich is o n e o f th e few e x rta S o u th A m e ric an species o f th a t O rd e r, wh ich
IS co n sid e red b y some to b e a tr ib e o f S a x ifra g eoe ; Ch'iselinia a n d Corokia, wbich I th in k b o th
b e lo n g i<i Corneoe a n d w h ich ai-e also m o re n e a rly aUied to some S o u th A m e ric an p la n ts th a n
to a n y o th e r s -, A lseu o sm ia h a s n o n e a r k n ow n a ffin ity ; Ph o rm ium , wh ich ap p e a rs “ sui g en e ris ” is
elsewh ere fo im d o n ly m N o rfo lk I s la n d ; Nesodaphne, o n e o f th e tw o g e n e ra 0ÎL a u r in eoe , is aUied to
a b o u th A m e ric a u g enus.
B . P la n ts common to N ew Z e a la n d a n d other Countries.
T h e rem a in in g th i r d o f th e N ew Z e a la n d F lo ra m a y b e d ivided in to five g ro u p s, fo r illu s tr a tin g
th e re la tio n s o f tb e p la n ts to th o s e o f o th e r c o u n trie s ,— viz.,
1. 193 species, o r n e a ily o n e -fo u rth o f th e whole, a re A u s tra lia n .
3. 8 9 species, o r n e a rly o n e -e ig h th o f th e whole, a re S o u th A m e ric a n .
3 . 77 species, o r n e a rly o n e -te n th o f th e whole, a re com m o n to b o th th e above
4. 6 0 specms, o r n e a rly o n o -tw e lfth o f th e whole, a re E u ro p e a n ,
5. 5 0 species, o r n e a rly o n e -s ix te e n th o f th e whole, a re A n ta rc tic Is la n d s ’, P u c g ia n , etc.
1 . -n o s e o f A u s tr a lia n a ffin ity .— T h e decided p rep o n d e ra n c e o f A u s tra lia n fo rm s is n o t confined
0 th is la rg e n um b e r o f a b so lu te ly id e n tic a l sp e c ie s; I h av e sh own i t to p rev a il in th e g e n e ra con-
a in in g p e c u lia r species also. T h e re a re n o N a tu r a l O rd e rs iu N ew Z e a lan d w h ich a re n o t also
io u n d m A n s tr a h a a n d T a sm an ia , ex c ep t Coriarioe, Escallonioe, B rex ia ceoe, a n d Chloranthaccoe.
U pw a rd s o f 2 4 0 o f th e 2 8 2 N ew Z e a lan d g e n e ra a re A u s tra lia n , a n d o f th e se m o re th a n fifty are
aU b u t confined to th e se tw o co u n trie s . N ew Z e a lan d , however, does n o t ap p e a r w h o lly as a sa te llite
o f A u s tra lia in all th e g e n e ra com m o n to b o th , fo r o f several th e r e a re b u t few species in
A u s tra lia , whicli h en c e sh a re s th e p e c u lia ritie s o f N ew Z e a la n d , r a th e r th a n N ew Z e a la n d th o s e o f
A u s tr a lia : th is is th e case w ith P itto sp o rum , Coprosma, Olearia, Celmisia, F o r s te ra , GauUheria,
Dracopjhyllum, Veronica, Fagus, D a c r yd ium , a n d Uncinia ; o f w h ich th e r e a re comparatiA^ely few
species in A u s tra lia a n d T a sm a n ia : o n th e o th e r h a n d , S ta c kh o u sieoe, P om a d e r r is , L e jd o sp e rm um ,
E x o ca rp u s, Pe rsoonia, E p a c ris, Leucopogon, Goodenia, a n d a few o th e r la rg e A u s tr a lia n g en e ra , a rc
very s c an tily re p re s e n te d in N ew Z e a lan d .
I f th e n um b e r o f p la n ts com m o n to A u s tr a lia a n d N ew Z e a lan d is g re a t, a n d q u ite u n a c c o u n ta b le
for b y tra n sp o rt, th e ab sen c e o f c e rta in v e ry ex ten s iv e g ro u p s o f th e fo rm e r c o u n try is s till m o re
in c om p a tib le u d th th e th e o ry o f ex ten s iv e m ig ra tio n b y o ce an ic o r a e ria l c u rre n ts . T h is ab s en c e is
m o s t conspicuous in th e ca se o f E u c a ly p ti, a n d a lm o s t ev e ry o th e r g en u s o f M y r ta c eæ , o f th e whole
im m en se g en u s o f A c a c ia , a n d o f its n um e ro u s A u s tr a lia n co n g e n e rs, -with th e s in g le ex c ep tio n o f
Clianthus, o f w h ich th e r e a re b u t tw o k n ow n species, o n e in A u s tra lia , a n d th e o th e r in N ew Z e a lan d
an d N o rfo lk Is la n d .
T h e r a r i ty o f Pro tea ceæ, R u ta c eæ , a n d S ty lid eæ , a n d th e ab s en c e o f Ca suarina a n d C a llitr is , o f
an y Goodeniæ b u t G. litto ra lis (equally fo u n d in S o u th A m e ric a ), o f T rem a n d r eoe , Dillen ia c eæ, a n d
o f v a rio u s g e n e ra o f Monocotyledone s, a dm it o f n o ex p la n a tio n , co n s is te n t w ith m ig r a tio n o v e r w a te r
h av in g in tro d u c e d m o re th a n a v e ry few o f th e p la n ts com m o n to th e s e tr a c ts o f la n d . C o n s id e rin g
th a t E u c a ly p ti fo rm th e m o s t p re v a le n t fo re s t f e a tu re over th e g r e a te r p a r t o f S o u th a n d E a s t
A u s tra lia , riv a lle d by th e Leg umin o sæ a lone, a n d th a t b o th th e s e O rd e rs (th e l a t t e r esp ecially ) a re
adm irab ly ad a p ted c o n s titu tio n a lly fo r tr a n sp o rt, a n d th a t th e species a re n o t p a r tic u la r ly lo c a l o r
scarce, a n d grow well Avherever sown, th e fa c t o f Ih eix ab s en c e from N ew Z e a la n d c a n n o t b e to o
s tro n g ly p ressed o n th e a tte n tio n o f th e b o ta n ic a l g eo g ra p h e r, fo r i t is th e m a in c au se o f th e diffe renc
e b e tw e en th e floras o f th e s e tw o g r e a t ma sse s o f la n d b e in g m u c h g r e a te r th a n th a t b e tw e e n an y
two eq u a lly la rg e co n tig u o u s ones o n th e face o f th e g lo b e . I f n o th e o ry o f tr a n s p o r t w ill a c co u n t
fo r th e s e facts, s till less will a n y o f v a r ia tio n ; fo r o f th e th r e e g e n e ra o f Leg um in o sæ w h ich do
in h a b it N ew Z e a lan d , n o n e fav o u r su ch a th e o r y ; o n e, Clia n th u s, I h av e ju s t m e n tio n e d ; th e seco n d ,
E dw a rd s ia , co n sists o f o n e tre e , id e n tic a l v i t h a J u a n F e rn a n d e z a n d C h ilia n one, a n d u n k n ow n
in N ew H o lla n d ; a n d th e th i r d g en u s [Carmichælia) is q u ite p e c u lia r, a n d co n sists o f a few species
feebly a llie d to some N ew H o lla n d p>lants, b u t ex c eed in g ly d iffe re n t in s tru c tu r e from a n y o f tb a t
extensive N a tu r a l O rd e r.
2. Species o f S o u th A m e r ic a n a ffin ity .— T b e S o u th A m e ric a n species in N ew Z e a la n d am o u n t
to 89, o r o n e -e ig h th : o f th e s e some a re a b so lu te ly p e c u lia r to tb e tw o co u n trie s , as M y o s u r u s a r is ta -
tu s , two species o f Coriaria, E dw a r d s ia g ra n d iflo ra , H a lo ra g is a la ta , H yd ro co h jle A m e r ic a n a , a u d
Veronica elliptica. O f th e se th e E dw a r d s ia is b y fa r th e m o s t s tr ik in g case, from th e size o f th e
tre e : i t ap p e a rs to h ave a m u c h w id er ra n g e in N ew Z e a la n d th a n in C h ili, a u d su p p o sin g i t to have
b e e n tra n sp o rte d b e tw e en th e se c o u n trie s , i t is difficu lt to say w h ich was th e p a r e n t o n e ; its affinities
would, however, in c lin e u s to co n sid e r i t am o n g st th e a b o rig in e s o f th e fo rm e r. I t is b y r e p r e s e n ta tiv
e g e n e ra an d species th a t th e affinity o f th e N ew Z e a la n d a n d S o u th A m e ric a n floras is b e s t
shown, an d th is m o s t conspicuously b y F u ch sia a n d Calceolaria, tw o m o s t rem a rk a b le g en e ra ,
confined to th e s e two co u n trie s , b u t b y fa r th e m o s t a b u n d a n t to th e w e s t o f th e A n d e s . H e r e ag a in
th e am o u n t o f affinity is d iffe ren tly d isp lay ed by ea ch ; o f th e C a lceo larias o n e is so c lo se ly a llie d to
a n A m e ric an species, th a t I d o u b t th e p ro p rie ty o f k e e p in g th em s ep a ra te , w h ile th e o th e r ap p e a rs a
v e ry d is tiu c t species ; th e F u ch s ia s a re b o th ex trem e ly p e c u lia r, o n e o f th em b e in g tb e o n ly species
th a t h a s no pe ta ls. A lto g e th e r th e re ai-c 7G g e n e ra com m o n to N ew Z e a lan d a n d S o u th A m e ric a ,