1. C. occidentals, s ; foliis oppositis terniave ovatis ovalibusque acuminatis, pedunculis
capitulo multo longioribus sæpius ternis ad apices ramorum. DC.—Linn. Sp. PI. p. 138.
Mich. Am. v. 1. p . 87. Pursh. Fl. Am. v. 1. p . 114. Bigel. Fl. Bost. ed. 2. p. 51. Elliott,
Carol, v. 1. p. 186. Torrey, Fl. o f Un. St. v. 1. p. 164. De Cand. Prodr. v. 4. p. 538.
H ab. Canada. Michaux. Mrs. Percival.
Trib. IV. Stellatæ. Ray.—Flores hermaphroditi rarius diclini. Corolloe rotatoe aut
infundibuliformes, lotis per oestivationem valvatis. Styli duo aut fere a basi distincti aut
plus minus in unicum concreti. Stigmata capitata. Fructus constans mericarpiis duobus
indehiscentibus monospermis. Semina apericarpio et calyce vix distincta. Albumen cor-
neum.—Sujfrutices aut sæpius Herboe. Folia opposita ad àxillam gemmifera, et stipuloe
foliiformes (vulgo etiam folia dictæ) utrinque 1,2 aut 8 gemmulis destitutoe verticillum formantes.
Radices soepe rvbroe et ad rubrum colorem tinctorioe. DC.
4. GALIUM. Scopf
Cal. tubus ovato-globosus aut oblongus, limbus vix ullus. Cor. 4-partita rotata, rarissime
3-partita. Siam, brevia. Styli 2 breves. Fructus didymus subrotundus rarius oblongus
siccus, constans mericarpiis 2 indehiscentibus 1-spermis.—Herbæ ramosoe. Folia cum
stipulis verticillata. Inflorescentia varia. DC.
* Fructibus loevibus glabris.
1. G. Claytoni; caulibus debilibus foliisque quaternis quinisve obtusis lineari-ellipticis
marginibus costaque retrorsum scabris pedunculis axillaribus raro terminalibus l-2-flöris,
corollis 3-4-fidis, fructu glabro.—Mich. Am. v. 1. p. 78. Rich, in Frankl. ls£. Journ. ed. 2.
App. p. 4. Roem. et Schultes, Syst. Veget. v. 3. p. 222.—G. trifidum. Linn. Sp. PI. p . 153.
(vix. Wahl.?) Pursh, FI. Am. v. l .p. 108. Elliott, Carol, v. 1. p. 194. Torrey, FI. o f Un.
St. v. 1. p. 165. Bigel. FI. Bost. ed. 2. p. 56. De Cand. Prodr. v. 4. p. 597. Cham, et
Schlecht, in Linnoea, v. 4. p. 221.—G. tinctorium. Rieh, in Frankl. 1st Joum. ed. 1. App.
tu 40.—“ Aparine a. n. 558. Gronov. Fl. Virg. 18. fide Herb. Gronov.” {Rich.)
Hab. Throughout Canada, and as far North as lat. 68°. {Dr. Richardson.) Newfoundland. Dr. Morrison.
Miss Brenton. Columbia. Douglas. Dr. Scouler. Unalaschka. Chamisso.—The Europæan G.
trifidum is a much slenderer plant than the American, and has, as Dr. Richardson well remarks, longer
recurved and capillary peduncles : and from which ours is probably distinct.
2. G. tinctorium ; caulibus décumbentibus foliisque quaternis senisve linearibus obtusis
marginibus costaque retrorsum scabris, pedunculis axillaribus terminalibusque subcorymbosis
plurifloris, corollis 4-fidis, fructu glabro.—Linn. Sp. PI. p. 153. Pursh, Fl. Am. v. 1. p.
102. Bigel. FI. Bost. ed. 2.p. 54? Torrey, Ft. o f Un. St. v. l .p. 166. De Cand. Prodr. v.
4. p. 597.
Hab. Canada. Pursh. Mrs. Sheppard. Mrs. Percival. Newfoundland. Dr. Morrison. Miss Brenton.
Straits of de Fuca, North-West coast of America. Dr. Scouler.—Nearly allied to the preceding, but according
to my specimens from the British Possessions, and others from the United States, a larger and stouter
plant, with more numerous flowers on a peduncle, and these peduncles so crowded towards the upper part
of the plant as to give it a copiously panicled appearance. It is said that from the root of this the Indians
prepare the red dye with which they colour the feathers and other ornaments of their dress. Some specimens
of G. palustre of our country, when they have more numerous leaves than usual, are scarcely distinguishable
from the G. tinctorium.
3. G. asprellum ; caulibus decumbentibus foliosis angulis foliorumque margine et nervo
manifeste retro-aculeolatiS, foliis senis ovali-lanceolatis acumine flaccido ramulis floriferis
versus summitates paucis foliosis, floribus albis brevissime pedicellatis, fructu glabro. DC.—-
Mich. Am. v. 1. p. 78. Pursh, FI. Am. v. l .p. 103. Bigel. FI. Bost. ed. 2. p . 54. De Cand.
Prodr. v. 4. p. 598.
Hab. The northern parts of Canada. Michaux.—I am unacquainted with this species, if it be really distinct
from the preceding. What I have received from the United States, under this name, is identical with
the G. Claytoni of this work.
4. G. rubioides; caule erecto stricto tetragono glabriusculo, foliis quaternis lanceolatis
latitudine quadruplo quintuplove longioribus 3-nerviis subtus in nervis et margine ssepe
scabris, pedunculis axillaribus trichotomis folio multo longioribus in paniculam terminalem
dispositis, bracteis ovato-oblongis, fructu glabro. DC.—Linn. Sp. P l.p. 152. Cham. etSchlecht.
in Linncea, v. 4. p. 220. De Cand. Prodr. v. 4. p. 599.—/3. foliis angustioribus longioribus,
foliis paucioribus. G. rubioides. Hook, et Arn. in Bot. o f Beech. Voy. v. 1. p . 115 et 125.
Hab. /3. Kotzebue’s Sound. Messrs. Lay and Collie. Abundant in dry elevated soils, under the shade
of solitary Pines, in the valley of the Columbia, North-West America. Douglas.—The leaves in our specimens
are almost as narrow as in G. boreale; but the inflorescence and fruit are very different. I have
received the same plant from the United States, under the name of G. Bermudianum.
* * Fructu hispido.
5. G. boreale; caule erecto stricto tetragono glabriusculo, foliis quaternis lineari-lanceo-
latis 3-nerviis glabris, pedunculis axillaribus trichotomis folio multo longioribus in paniculam
terminalem dispositis, bracteis obovato-orbiculatis. DC.—Linn. Sp. PI. p . 156. Engl. Bot.
t. 105. Pursh, FI. Am. v. 1. p. 104. Torrey, FI. o f Un. St. v. 1. p. 169. Rich, in Frankl.
Joum. ed. 1. n. 41. De Cand. Prodr. v. 4. p. 600.—G. strictum. Torrey, Cat. o f PI.
o f N. York, p. 23.—G. septentrionale. Roem. et Schultes, v. 3. p. 253. Rich, in Frankl. 1st
Journ. ed. 2. App. p. 4. Bigel. FI. Bost. ed. 2. p. 54. De Cand. Prodr. v. 4. p. 601.
Hab. Falls of Niagara. Torrey. From Lake Winipeg to the Rocky Mountains, and to lat. 68° North,
abundant. Douglas. Drummond. Richardson. Columbia River on the West coast. Mr. Garry.—Like
Europaean specimens of G. boreale, this is liable to considerable variation j but the numerous individuals
in the Herbarium prove that the G. septentrionale of Roem. and Schultes, and of Dr. Richardson, generally
passes into the more usual appearance of G. boreale. “ The Cree women dye red with the roots of the G.
Claytoni and G. boreale indiscriminately.” Rich.
6. G. lanceolatum; caule erecto glabro, foliis quaternis ovato-lanceolatis acutis marginibus
ciliato-scabris basi trinerviis, pedunculis terminalibus dichotomis divaricatis folio
longioribus, floribus lateralibus sessilibus deflexis, corollis acutissimis, fructibus uncinato-
setosis.—Torrey, FI. o f Un. St. v. l .p. 163.—G. Torreyi. Bigel. FI. Bost. ed. 2. p. 56.—G.
circsezans, /3. lanceolatum. Torrey, Cat. o f PI. o f N. York,p. 23. De Cand. Prodr. v. 4.p . 601.
Hab. About Quebec. Mrs. Percival. Lake Huron. Dr. Todd.—The true G. circeezans has not, so far
as I am aware, been found in the British Possessions; and our G. lanceolatum only in their more southern
parts. The leaves are very dissimilar in the two, and Torrey finds these differences to he permanent. My
specimens of G. brachiatum, from the’United States, are not distinguishable from the present.