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th an th e Common Swallow, about tbo end of April, and leaving in August or early in
September. I n F in lan d i t occurs in most p a rts of th e country, b eing m et with most
frequently on tb e banks o f tb e la rg e r r iv e r s ; b u t I seldom observed it in tb e southern
portions of tb e co u n try .”
Dr. Pleske, in bis work on th e Kola Peninsula, says th a t in Russian Lapland tbe
Sand-Martin has been found by Bothlink an d Von Aliddendorff n e a r Kola, and Mela
noticed i t n e a r Ponoj. Dr. Pleske himself saw a brceding-colony a t one place on the
Kola river, an d he gives a long lis t of places where tb e b ird has been observed in
F in n ish an d Swedish Lapland.
T be Sand-AIartin appears to be found th ro u g h o u t Russia, and is a v e iy common
summer visitor to A rc h a n g e l; aud Alessrs. Seebobm and Ilarvie-Brown, in th e ir account
of tb e birds of th e Lower Petchora, w r ite ;— “ AV’e first saw th e Sand-AIartin on th e day
we left l i s t Zylraa (lOtb Ju n e ) between th a t place and Habariki. Afterwards we met
with the species in small numbers a t Gorodok an d a t Kuya, and obtained specimens.
Nowhere on tb e Petchoi*a did we find tb e Sand-AIartins so ab u n d an t as they are
in summer ou tb e islands of tb e Dvina a t Archangel, where neai'ly every suitable bank
liolds a larg e colony.”
Air. Dresser adds a n o t e :—“ Aleves m e t with it a t Schlusselburg, Novaja Ladoga,
Onega, Archangel, &e., everywhere com m o n ; and SabanaciF informs me th a t it is
g enerally distributed th ro u g h o u t Central Russia in suitable localities, and, along tbe
U ra l range, i t is found a t least u p to 58° N. lat., an d even h ig h er on th e K am a ; b u t on
th e south-eastern slopes i t is rare r. I n Poland, tb e Baltic Provinces, aud Germany
i t is common, b u t, according to Borggreve, i t is n o t found h ig h u p in tb e
mountains.”
T hroughout Central E u ro p e and F ran ce tb e Sand-AIartin is found in its own
p eculiar hab ita ts. AIAI. J a u b e r t and Bartbelemy-Lapommeraye record i t as a spring
and a u tum n m ig ran t in Fi*ance, a small n um b er breeding every ye ar in the banks of
th e R h o n e and Durance. I t is common a t Santander, as noticed by Colonel
Irb y , and breeds there , and i t was obseiwed on tb e Up p e r Aricige by Air. Eagle
Clarke a t tb e end of Alay. Air. Howard Saunders fouud th e species ne sting on
tb e banks of th e Guadalquivir a t th o end of Alay, an d Colonel I rb y gives th e
following ac count of th e Sand-AIartin a t Gib raltar :—“ I have found th em a t Has
D o u ra iu small inimbers, and have no doubt th ey were nesting in th e vicinity •
th ey nest in tb e neighbourhood of Seville, b u t near Gib raltar a re only m e t with
on passage. The first seen by me was on th e 21tb Alareb, 1870, 22nd Alarch, 1871,
2 4tb F eb ., 1872, 28th Feb., 1 8 7 1 ; th ey were seen passing as la te as tb e 24tb of April.
O n th e 13tb Alay I saw, in tlie evening, over some marshes near A’^ojcr, a fiight of Sand-
AIartins n um b erin g m any hundreds, I mig h t say thousands. I noticed them on tbo
1 4th of O ctober on tlicir southward jo u rn ey .”
The species w ould also ajipcar to w in ter in Spain to a certa in extent, as Air. Chapman
mentions in his p ap er called “ AVinter ” notes :—“ On December 2Sth I observed a few
Sand-AIartins hawking iu tbe su n a t Au‘jer-de-la-Frontera.” Air. T ait o bserves:— “ I s not
so common as the House-AIartin and Swallow, and is oftcner found in tb e n orth th an in
tb e south of Portugal. I have met with it in various places in tbe province of Aiiiibo,
and on th e river of th a t name i t is very ab u n d an t, burrowing in tb e sandy banks of tbe
islands worn away by th e current. A colony is established a t tbe roadside near tbe
favomite shrine of Bom Jesus do Alonte, near Braga, and 1 have seen another a t
Magdalena, n e a r Oporto. Some were seen by me April 5tb, 1884, between Boja and
Alertola, in tb e Alemtejo, on tbe banks of th e river Torges, and I saw tbo holes in
th e bank where they nested.”
Alajor Alexander von Ilom ey er met with th e species in tbe Balearic Isles, and
found about twenty pairs breeding near Alcudie.
I n Alorocco the Sand-AIartin is migratory, according to AI. Favier, and tho least
abu n d an t of tb e Swallows about Tangier, a rriv in g to cross the Straits in Alarch and
April, retu rn in g in October to disappear for th e winter. In Algeria i t breeds near
Cbcrif, according to Loche, b u t is not common. Air. Dixon, in bis paper ou tb e Birds
of th e Province of Constantine, w rite s :—“ AAto observed tb e Sand-Alartin both a t
Pliilippcville and Constantine, and also near tbe sandy banks of tbe Oucd K a n ta ra some
few miles before i t reaches the oasis bearing th a t name.”
Canon Tristram’s Algerian note is as follows;—“ A few at E l Aghouat iu
November. They did not appear to winter in tbe Sahara, and can only, I imagine,
be stragglers th ere a t any time, as tb e AAuds aud oases afibrd th em b u t few convouiences
for nidification.”
Air. Salvin observed tbe species on one or two occasions in tb e E a ste rn Atlas,
aud be noticed i t on the road between Tunis and Kef during the th ird week in March,
b u t never saw others subsequently. I n Tunis Dr. Koenig considers tb e Sand-AIartin to
be a n irreg u lar migrant.
Air. Godman procured speeimeus near Orotava iu Toneriffc ou tho 21st of April,
and Air. AIcudc-AValdo says th a t the species was very numerous in th a t island when lie
visited the Canaries.
To retu rn to Europe, tb e Sand-AIartin appears to be found thro u g h o u t Southern
Europe aud the Aleditcrranean basin iu suitable localities. Thus Air. Howard Suujidei-s,
ill bis paper on tb e birds of Switzerland, says th a t be noticed th em about April 12tli
breeding in banks near Bienne and elsewhere iu th e flat country, b u t i t was rare
a t Vevey.
Iu Southern Austria A'on Tscbusi says th a t it breeds iu suitable places, being most
common on th e banks of the Danube below Fresburg. I u H u n g a ry Professor
Frivaldsky states th a t i t arrives a little late r th an th e House-Alartin, und breeds in
suitable localities, leaving in September,
Professor Giglioli sends us tb e following n o t e ;— “ Cotile riparia breeds iu large
colonies in all suitable localities in all Northern I ta ly (Piedmont, Lombardy, Venoto),
also in Tuscany (province of Grosseto in tbe Maremma). I t appears to be leas frequeiii,
probably from tbe wan t of suitable localities, fu rth er south in tbe Italian Peninsula;
b u t there arc large breeding-colonies in Sicily (Lcntina, Caltanissettii, and Palermo), aud