■Wert-Sibii-, p. 40 (J871)) ; Bogdanolf, B. Cauc. p. 117 (1870); IVardlaw Eainsav,
Ibis, 1880. p. 48 ; Badclc, Oi-ii. Cauc. p. SB (1884).
l lim m io rupicola, llo d g s . J . A. S. Bciig. v. p. 781 (1830).
B ib lis rvpesiris. Less. Compì. Bufi. viii. p. 405 (1837) ; Degl, c t Oci-bo, Orn. E u r. i.
p. 597 (1807); D o d c rl.Av ii. Sicil. p. 147 (1809); Salvad. Eicnch. Ucc. I ta l. p. ,83
(1887); Olpbe-Galliard, Contr. Faim. Oru. E u r. Occid. fase. x.vii. p. 84 (1887).
Iliru n d o biornata, J c r i l Madr. .Journ. xiü. p. 173 (18 t4).
l'fymwproijne rupestris, lîeicliciib. Svst. Av. pl. Ixxxvii. tig. 0 (1830) ; Locbe, Exi>l.
Sci. Algdr., Ois. ii. p, 08 (1807); Swinli. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 31 7 ; Hume. Kcsts A
Eg g s In d . B. p. 84 (1873); id. Sir. F. 1873, p. 2 ; .Soully, Str. F. iv. p. 131 (1870
L
F a irb . t. c. p. 254 ; David & Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 139 (1877) ; Butler, Cat. B. S Sic
in d
etc. p. 13 (1879) ; id. Cat. B. S. Bomb. Pres. p. 14 (1.880) ; T o n y . Sfr. F. x. p. 409
(18871; Oates, F au n . B rit. Imi., Birds, ii. p. 273 (1890); id. ed'. liu n ie 's Nests &
E g g s in d . B. ii. p. 184 (1890).
CotUe rupestris, Gray, Haml-1. B. i. p. 73. no. 872 (1809) ; Bu tler, Str. F. iii. p. 1,53
(187o); Hume, t. c. p. 453, n o te ; IVai-dlaw llamsay, Tbis, 1880, p. 4 8 ; Biddulpli,
lilis, 1881, p. -17 ; Giglioli, t. c. p. 192 ; Scully, t. c. p. 427 ; Dixon, Ibis, 1882, p. 561 ;
Seebolim, Ibis, 1883, p. 22 ; Severfz. t. c. )ip. 70, 81 ; Irb y , t. c. p. 183 ; Tristr.
Eaun. & Flor. Palest, p. 02 (1884); Saunders, Ibis, 1884, p. 27 5 ; Wliitelicad,
Ibis, 1885, p. 2 7 ; Beid, t. c. p. 2 11; .Sbarpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. x. p. 109 (1885);’
Zarudii. Ois. Transcasp. p. 32 (1885) ; Gigl. Avif. Ita l. p. 190 (1880) ; Scott lVilsou¡
ibis, 1887, p. 1 3 8 ; Tait, t. c. p. 19 0 ; Radde, Omis, iii. p. .490 (1887); Scully,
J. A. S. Beng. Ivi. p. 83 (1887); ITeske, Mcm. Acad. lm p . St. Pétersb. (7) xxxvi.
p. 41 (1888); Chapman, ibis, 1888, p. 0 8 ; Sbarpe, Trans. L in n . Soc. (2), Zool. v.
pt. 3, p. 77 (1889) ; Eagle Clarke, Iliis, 1889, p. 529 ; Gigl. Primo Eesoo. Avif.
Locali, p. 6 49 (1890) ; id. op. cit. In d . Gen. p. 510 (1891) ; Sbarpe, Hep. Sci. Resi
2nd Yark. Miss., Aves, p. 100 (1S91).
Cotiile {Ptyonoprogne) rupestris, Blanf. East. Persia, ii. p. 216 (1870).
Cliricola rupestris, Brusina, Motr. (List of Birds of Croatia, etc.) p. 59 (1800)- id
Orn. .Tahrb. ii.p . 17 (1891).
f . m a jo r : re c tric ib u s p lc risque a lbo -n o ta tis : subc auda libus s a tu ra te brtinncis : g u ttu r e pallidè isabcliino
m en to m in u té fu sco-m a cula to. ’
Hat. in regione llo d ite rra n c o -P e rs ic a tot!i, p e r A s iim Contra lcm , e t p e r p cn iu siilam Iiuiic am usque ail
m o n te s J lo n g o lia n a s c t Cliinenses.
A ih llt. C en e ra i colour above lig h t a sliy broivn, a little ditrke r on tb e llcnd, th e rum p aud uppe r ta il-
coverts decidedly lig litc r ; rvlng-covcrts a u d qnills d a rk broivn, tb e in n e r g re a te r cove rts ami inoor
secondaries p a le r and more like tb e back ; ta il-fe a th e rs d a rk broivn, all b u t tb e tivo c en tre ones
ami th e ou te rm o st on each side u nspotted, th e rem a in d e r ivitli a la rg e oval lib ito sp o t on tlie inner
web ; lores, cheeks, and e a r-cove rts d u ll broivn ; un d e r s u rfa c e o f body c r c .m v bull', bceomiug d eep
san d y Imir o n th e loiver b re a s t aud abdomen ; th e eliin and up p e r th ro a t i i itli d uskv spots ; flanks,
vent, and u n d e r ta il-co v c rts dull smoky broivn, th e la tte r s lig h tly edged iiith ru fo u s ; asillaries
a nd u n d e r n ing-coverts d u ll smoky broivn with fa in t rufous margins, more distin c t on th e small
coverts n e a r th e edge o f th e w h ig ; q nills d nsky hroivii below, more ashy along th e in n e r web :
" b ill black ; legs and fe e t fleshy, claivs d usky i iris dark h row n ” (Scully). To ta l len g th o inches,
culmeu 0-35, wiug 4-9, ta il 2 , ta rsu s OT.
Adrdt female. Sim ila r to tiie male iu plumage. To ta l IctigLli 5 ‘3 inelies, eulmen 0 '3 u , iviiig -1.'9, ta il 2 T ,
ta rsu s 0-4-.
Young. J Iu c li more rufe sc en t th a n th e nilults, especially ou th e un d e r .surface o f th e body, th e th ro a t
showing no tra c e s o f th e brown spots wliich a rc ch a ra c te ristic o f th e old b ird s ; th e en tire uppe r
surfa c e with ru fo u s m a rg in s to th e fe a th e rs, less d is tin c t on th e quills.
T h e re seems to be very little difference b c tu e c n th e phmuigcs o f adult birds in winter and sninmer, b u t
most o f tb e specimens pro cu red in th e w in te r season a re somewhat more rufous th a u those
o b ta ined in summer. This may he due, pe rhaps, to th e fa c t th a t iiiuny o f th em arc y o u n g binls
o f th e previous y e a r, and a g re a te r am o u n t o f rufous colour ou th e u n d c rp a rts was to be expected.
D u rin g th e brecding-scasoii, wlien th e plumage hccoiiics bleached, th e th ro a t a n d chest a re pe rceptibly
whiter, th e abdomen p a le r brown, witli only a s lig h t wash o f ru fo u s , and th e margiii.s of
th e u n d e r ta il-cove rts are whitish.
Hab. I ’ouiid in su itab le loc a litie s.from P o rtu g a l in th e west tliro u g lio u t th e whole o f th e J led itc rra n c a u
Region and P e rs ia to tlie Himalayas and th e Nilg h iri Hills in In d ia , and e astwards to th e mounta
ins o f Mongolia a n d N o rth e n i China. I n most places it seems to be a re sid en t, b u t in some
cou n trie s i t is more o r less mig ra to ry .
A n e x c e lle n t re co rd o f th e lo c a litie s íre iiu o iite d by tlio llo e k -S iv a llow in tlie s o u th o f
F r a n c e a n d S iv itz e rla n d is ^ iv e n h y M. L é o n O lp h o -G a llia rd in h is n o rlc on th e
O rn ith o lo try o f AVestern E u ro p e . H e lia s h im s e lf fo u n d th e h ird in th e B asses-Alp es
a n d V a la is, a n d giv es b esid es in s ta n c e s o f i t s o c c u rre n c e in v a r io u s p la c e s o f S o u th e rn
F ra n c e . M e ssrs. J a u b e r t a n d F a rth c lem y -L a p om n ie ra y e s ta le t h a t in Hie l a t t e r lo c a lity
th e C ra g -M a rtin is a n in h a b i t a n t o f th e m o re a lp in e ro c k y lo c a litie s , o n ly v is itin g th e
low e r v a lle y s d u r in g m ig ra tio n . I n th e m o n th o f F e b ru a ry , if th e w e a th e r is fine, tin;
C r a g -M a rtin s a p p e a r in tlie v a lle y s o f tlie A’a r a n d B as sc s -A lp e s : a s th e y p a s s o n , th e i r
p la c e is ta k e n h y o th e r in iiiiig ra n ts , a n d i t is th e la s t a r riv a ls w h ich he c om c tlie s um m e r
re s id e n ts. T h e y f r e q u e n t th e ro c k y h e ig h ts n e a r M o u stie rs, a n d a r e fo u n d m o re ra ri'ly
011 th e h a n k s o f th e D u r a n c e a n d A’e rd o n , a n d som e tim e s o n th e ro c k s o f (iré o u lx . Tliey
q u i t th e l a t t e r n e ig h b o u rh o o d in th e m o n th o f J u ly , d o u b tle s s , a s th e a u th o r s r em a rk , to
r e a r a se c o n d b ro o d a t a h ig h e r e le v a tio n . T h e b ird s a ro s ta te d to h e m u c h m o re p le n t
i f u l in s p rin g th a n in a u tum n . B a illy s ta te s t h a t th e C ra g -A Ia rtin b re e d s th ro u g h o u t
S avoy in th e m o u n ta in s , e s jie e ia lly in th e n e ig h h o iirh o o d o f la k e s a u d riv e rs . I t is
com m o n iu th e s p rin g , e sp e c ia lly n e a r C h am h c ry a n d in th e ro c k s o n th e h a n k s o f th e
H lio n e, a s we ll a s th o s e a t S a in t-G im ix , V e n u e, ou th e sh o re s o f ]ia k o H o u rg e t. I t is
c om m o n a t th e c a s tle o f B o rd e a u x a s f a r a s ila u te e om h i;, a n d b re e d s in t lu ‘ m o n a s te ry
b u ild in g s o f th e l a t t e r pla c e . I n th e lU v ic ra M r. T r a h e rn e .Moggridge h a s s la te d th a t
h e fo u n d it n e a r M e n to n e in w in te r.