w
compressed in front, with tlie lower edge from th e angle to
tlie gouyx longer th a n th e jaws are wide a t the angle.
Palate very deep and wide, broad in front, contracted
beiiind, with the lateral processes ra th e r contracted.
Inhab. Coast of South America.
Only known from two skulls.
1- Perfect skull of an adult male in the British
Museum, which is 1 1 | inches long, and 6| inches wide at
the condyles. Sixth upper grinder behind th e liinder edge
Ilf the front of the zygomatic arch, the lower jaw 8^ inches
long, wide and strong, contracted on th e sides in front.
The scar of th e masseter muscle in the lower jaw is elongate
and uan'ow in front.
2. An imperfect skull (3ooe) about 12 inclies long, and
1)7 inches wide, wanting th e intermaxillary hones, and
luw’iug only th e canine te e th ; w ith the palate deep,
slightly contracted behind, lobes erect, the sixth upper
grinder separated from th e fifth by a space ju s t before the
back edge of the front of the zygomatic arch. Lower jaw
compressed in front.
This species may be th e same as Otaria Godcffroyii,
described and figured by Dr. P eters from a specimen in
the Hamburg Museum, b u t th e front of the lower jaw does
not appear to be the same as th a t of th e skulls in the
Lritish M u seum ; it and th e sear of th e masseter muscle
are. broad and rounded a t the end as in th e jaws of the
common Sea Lion, Otaria jubata, and Otaria Godeffroyi,
may indicate anotlier species.
O t a r ia U l l o je , The Pygmy Sea L io n ,
Otaria Ullore, Tschudi, Fauna Feruana, 13C, t. vi. (animal)
; Fclers, Monastb. 18G6, 667, i. (skull).
Otaria (Phocarctos) Ulloie, Feters, Moiiaisb., 1866, 270.
Otaria pygimea, Ch-ay, A n n . c& Mag. Nat. Hist., .1874.
The skull elongate, narrow. T.ower jaw elongate, sides
flat compressed in front, with the lower edge from tiie
angle to th e gonyx longer th an the jaws are wide a t the
angle. Palate very narrow, deep, scarcely wider behind.
S ix th upper grinder behind the hinder edge of tlie front of
th e zygomatic arch. Lower jaw comparatively slender,
64 inches long, compressed and fiat in front.
Only known from an adult, most probably female sknll.
in the collection of tlie British Museum, received from the
Zoological Society iu 1858.
Inhab. South America. Coast of Peru {Tschudi).
Since I described the skull in the Museum under the
name of O.pygmcea I liave again compared it with the
figure of Otaria Ulloce given by Dr. Peters, from one of tlie
skulls of tlie original animals described by Tschudi, and
have very little doubt i t is tlie same, tliough Dr. Peters
does not mention th e form of the lower jaw whicli is so
characteristic.
I l l ,— THE SEA LIOXS AXD SEA BEARS OF THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE.
f Since th e Synopsis of the species of Seals was published
s])ecimens of the Sea Lion liave been exhibited in England,
aiul th e British Museum has received many specimens of
them and of th eir skulls, and a few skeletons, and the
examination of them has proved th a t instead of th e ir forming
a tribe of th e Seals, which was called in
the Synopsis, they form a distin c t family from th e earless
Seals, Fhocidce, with a distinc t h ab it and stru ctu re ; they
liave more power of using th e ir limbs, like th e more tjqiical
d frc
so little u nder fur when they arrive a t the ad u lt age tliat
they are of no use for making Seal Skins. The under fur
is only attached to the surface of the skin, while the long
rigid hair is rooted to th e inner layers of the skin, they
therefore come out wlien th e inner surface of th e skin is
shaved off, leamng the under fur, wliich forms what is
called Seal S k in by the fumers, attached to th e outer su rface
of th e skin.
Mammalia, walking on them, with th e body raised from
the ground, th ey re st with th e ir h in d limbs b en t forward.
These habits were well shown iu Dr. Foreter’s figure
imgraved by Buffon, and they have been verified by the
study of the living animal in th e Zoological Gardens.
Their scrotum and genital organs are exposed as in the dog.
The Sea Bears and Sea Lions inhabit the more temperate
and colder p arts of th e Southern Hemisphere and more
uinthern regions of the Pacific Ocean.
So much improvement has taken place in our knowledge
since th e “ Syn o p sis” given a t page 4 was written th a t !
give an abstract of what is a t present known of th e Sea
Lions and Sea Bears of the Soutliern Seas.
I f one had th e opportunity of examining these animals
alive there is no doubt th a t they would present very decided
characters in th e form of the face and size and structure of
th e ears and feet, and th e length of the flaps of the toes,
They are said to make periodical migrations towards
he pules. They come to th e surface during th e process of
mastication and do not drink like the Sefils. The pupils
b u t all these p a rts are liable to be altered iu the preparing
i chief charac
nf th e eyes dilate and contract to a great extent. The
females lie on th eir backs to receive the caresses of the
m a le : th ey bring forth th eir young far inland, and they
ai-e gi-adually tau g h t to swim.
They generally have a very close soft under fur between
the I’oots of th e longer and more rigid hairs, hence they
are called F u r Seals.
The quantity and fineness of the under fur differ accovd-
) th e seasonsi,, ;and the age of th e animal. Some have
of th e specimens for Museums, therefore th e characters
for the distinction of genera and species are those aifoi'ded
by th e skulls, as these alone are accessible to th e scientific
zoologist and afford th e only means by which lie can compare
th e Sea Bears from different localities, and the different
genera and species peculiar to each locality,
Steller described a Leo marinus and an UrsuA marinus
from Kamschatka, and Temminck figured tlie animal and
skeleton of a Seal iu th e “ F auna Japónica ” under tlie
name of Otaria Stelleri, confounding it with tlie Leo
marimcs of Steller, which Lesson had called Otaria Stelleñ.
Mr. McBain, who received the skull of this animal, named
it Otaria Gillicspii. I have figured th e skulls of these
three animals from the North Pacific, P.Z.S., 1859, under
the names of, 1. Callorhinus ursinus, P.Z.S., 1859, t. 58,
2. Eumetopias Stellei-i, P.Z.S., 1859, t. 72. 3. Zalophus
CiUiespii, P.Z.S., 1859, t. 70. Mr. A llen has given a furthe r
iiocount of these animals, and 1 have figured and described
a fourth species under the name of Eumetopias elongata,
I’.Z.S., 1872, 738, fs. 2 and 3, b u t the examination of a
second specimen of a skull has shown me th a t it is more
lilce a Phocarctos tlian a Eumetopias.
th e middle Qf th e zygomatic arch. Grinders 4:4, with
compressed lobed crowns, th e sixth upper behind the
back edge of the front of the zygomatic arch, and th e fifth
even with it. Under fur none, or very sparse.
P h o c a r c t o s H o o k e r i . The Southern H a ir Seal.
Arctocephalus Hookeri, Gray, Cat. Seals, Brit. Mus., 45,
.11);- ■ ' -
G y p so ph o c a , Gray.
Froc. Zool. Soc., 1872,^5;). 659 and 743.
/ . 15 (sk u ll); Cat. Seals <& Whales, 5 3 ,/. 17 (skull).
H a ir Seal, Weddell, Voy., 141.
Pale yellowish, flaps of hinder toes elongate, unequal.
Inhab. Falkland Islands, Cape Horn.
P la te 14. Drawing of animal from a stuffed skin.
Pla te 15, its skull.
'I'lie palate short, contracted behind ; th e opening of the
inner nostrils on a level with th e middle of th e zygomatic
arch. The grinders 4 ’f th e fifth and sixth upper quite
bcliiiul tiie front edge of the zygomatic arch.
G y p so ph o c a t r o p ic a l is . The Sub-tropical F u r Seal.
Gypsophoca tropicalis, Gra?/, F.Z.S., 1872, p. 659, fs. 5
and 6 (.skull).
Arctocephalus cinereus. Gray, Cat. Seals & Whales, p. 56 ;
Suppl., p. 2 4 ; A n n . & Mag. Nat. H is t, 1866, x v iii.,^ . 236.
Black, grey beneath, under fa r abundant, reddish brown.
Inhab. N, Australia {MacGillimay).
Dr. Peters describes a F u r Seal, m th e British Museum,
sent from Ju a n Fernandez Island, under th e name of
Arctophoca Philippii, Peters, Monatsb. May, 1866, pp. 276
and 671, t. 2 (skull), and I have noticed it, in the Suppl.
Cat- Seals & Whales as th e Chilian F u r Seal, b u t have
never seen the .skull on whicli it is described, and have a
suspicion th a t it represents a species of Gypsophoca th a t has
lost its hinder grinders.
Dr. Pliilippi sent a description of a skull th a t he had
received from the Island of Massafuera, on th e west coast
of S. America, which is published by Dr. Peters. Monatsb.,
(871, p. 588, 1. 1 and 2, which he cnWs, Arctophoca argentata.
I he skull wants the hinder p a rt of th e brain case, has six
grinders in its upper jaw, and is iu ei'ery resjiect very like
the skull of Gypsophoca tropicalis, and the Arctophoca
Fhilippii frera Ju a n Fernandez. I t chiefly differs, from the
Hgure of th e latte r skull, as Dr. Philippi shows in his
I'late, in the hinder portion of i t being narrower, and tlie
cojidyles much shorter or ra the r narrower.
These three skulls appear to me to belong to one group,
but whether they are three distinc t species, two from the
west coast of South America, and one from N orth Australia,
I will not attempt to determine, as I have seen only the
skins and skull of the one from th e la tte r region, b u t 'th e y
are all F u r Seals, and may be distinct.
A r c t o c e p h a l u s .
S kull ra th e r broad, oblong. Palate contracted b e liin d ;
the opening of th e inner nostrils in a line with about the
middle of the zygomatic arch. Grinders 4:|. the crown of
th e u pper compressed, slightly lobed, of th e lower ones
broad, slightly lobed. The s ix th upper behind and tlie
fifth level with the back edge of tiie front of the zygomatic
arch. Under fur moderately developed.
Grinders of th e upper jaw compressed, with an elongate
triangular central crown, with a collaret on the inner side,
and a small lobe on th e back and often on th e front of the
collaret.
Tlie form of the crowns of the lower gi-inders is verv
peculiar and ch a rac teristic; h arin g only two skulls of '
ad u lt animals in the British Museum it had, u n til lately,
escaped my obseiwation, as tlie crowns of these skulls were
mostly broken off or cliipped, bu t on very minute examination
I find the crowns of two or three tee th of one of the
specimens are perfect, and present a decided difference of
structure from th a t of all th e other species of Sea Bears.
A r c t o c e p h a l u s a x t a r c t ic u s . The Cape F u r Seal.
Plioca antárctica, Thunb., Mem. Petrop. iii., 322.
I ’hoca ursina, Cuv., Oss. Foss.
Arctocephalus ursinus, F. Cuv., Mem. Mus. xi., 205, tab. 15
no. -I ('s k• uillll))..
Arctocephalus Delalandii, Gray, F.Z.S., 1859, tab. 60
(skull).
Inhab. Cape of Good Hope.
E u o t a r ia ,
Arctocephalus ** Euotaria, Gray, Suppl. Cat S. cb W., 20.
Skull ra th e r broad oblong. Palate contracted behind,
the opening of th e inner nostrils in a line with about the
middle of th e zygomatic arch. Grinders 44, the upper and
P h o c a r c t o s , Gray.
A . Æ Jf. a : 11, 1S66, xviii., 234 ; Sappi, Cat. Seals and
Whales, 13.
lower with a compressed elongated triangular central
crown with a small lobe on its back, and often on its front
edge. The sixth upper behind, and the fiftli even with the
back edge of th e front of the zygomatic arch.
Skull e longa te; face ra th e r produced in fr o n t; palate
short, contracted behind, th e inner nostrils in a line with
E u o t a r ia s c h is t h y p e r o ë s , Turner.
Arctocephalus schisthyperoës, Turner, Jo vm . Anut., 1868
1 1 3 ,/. (skull).