BRUNNER, Martin, b. a t Nuremberg in 1659, was a pupil of
Wolrab'. He worked a t Breslau and Prague, and, re tu rn in g to his
native place, was engaged on th e large series of medals commemorating
contemporary events, issued by Kleinert and Lauffer. H e made a large
number of dies for striking draughtsmen in wood. Died a t Nuremberg in
1725.—i. 688, 689, 694, 703 ; ii. 42,101, 184, 189, 243, 244, 262, 284, 321,
323, 332, 333, 340, 349, 356, 357, 362, 363, 371, 380,419.
BULL, Samuel, was one of th e engravers a t the English Mint during
th e reigns of Anne and George I. H is initials appear occasionally on
th e reverses of medals of th a t time, the obverses of which were all made
by Jo h n Croker.—ii. 296, 297, 317, 363, 374.
BURG HERS, Nicholas, was probably a native of Utrecht. He came
to England and took u p his abode a t Oxford during th e Civil War, and
was engaged a t th e Mint there. H e was th e father of Michael Burghers,
th e line-engraver, whose works are enumerated by Walpole.—i. 334, 335.
BYLAER, J a n Van, a Dutch a rtist, who lived a t Utrecht, his name
being found in th e list of th e Guild of St. Luke, and as governor of the
Job-Hospital. His works date from 1622 to 1645.—i. 231, 246.
CAQUE, Augustin Armand, a Erench engraver, and a pupil of Roch-
fort and Raymond Gayrard, b. a t Saintes in 1793, was Engraver to the
Dauphin, and from 1817-1818 was employed in th e Mint a t th e Hague.
He was appointed Chief Engraver to Napoleon I I I . in 1853, and held
th a t post till his death in 1868.—i. 230, 245 ; ii. 490.
CARTER, Charles Frederick, contemporary medallist, b. Nov. 30,
1805, a t Birmingham ; was a pupil of Halliday. H e has executed several
medals, academical and others.—i. 219.
CAUNOIS, François Augustin, a French medallist, and a pupil of
Dejoux, b. a t Bar-le-Duc, 12 June, 1787, d. in 1859. He worked on the
Durand series of medals, and also executed a large number of portrait-
medals.—ii. 272.
CAVINO, Giovanni, b. a t Pad u a in 1499 or 1500, and worked there.
He produced a large number of medals, and also devoted himself to the
imitation of Roman large brass coins and medallions, which are known
as Paduans. These pieces were designed as studies not as forgeries.
Died in 1570.—i. 70.
CH EV A L IE R , or CAV AL IER, Jean, a Frenchman by birth, was a
medallist and worker in ivory. He came to London in 1690, and afterwards
entered th e service of th e House of Brandenburg, residing a t
Berlin. He appears to have returned a t a later period to Paris. His
p o rtraits in ivory are very numerous.—i. 724.
CH EV A L IE R , Nicolas, a native of Sedan, d. about 1720. He was a
P ro te stan t minister, and, on th e revocation of the Edict of Nantes, took
refuge in Holland. He established himself a t Amsterdam and afterwards
a t Utrecht, where he received the privilege of striking medals in
his own house. Some of his medals are only copies of those by other
artists.—i. 569; ii. 133, 153, 154, 157, 158, 160, 163-165, 191, 212, 222,
258, 337, 403.
C IPR IA N I, Giovanni B a ttista, designer and painter, b. a t Pistoja in
1732, studied a t Florence under Antonio Domenico Gabbiani, came to
E ngland in 1755, and was one of the founders of th e Royal Academy.
Died 14 Deo. 1785. He executed a number of designs for medals struck
a t the expense of th e Society for Promoting A rts and Commerce.—ii 687,
711.
CLINT, Scipio, engraver, was appointed medallist to William IV.,
and seal-engraver to H e r Majesty th e Queen. Died 6 Aug. 1839, a t the
early age of 34.—i. 11.
CROKER, John, as he styled himself, hiB name being Johann Crocker,
b. a t Dresden, 21 Oct. 1670, was brought up as a jeweller, b u t a t an
early age practised die-engraving. He came to England in 1691, and in
1697 was appointed A s sistan t Engraver to th e Mint, and Chief Engraver
upon th e death of Harris in 1705. Died 21 March, 1741.—ii. 192,227,228,
283, 236, 237, 241, 246, 251, 252, 256, 266, 280, 283, 284, 295-298, 316,
322, 329, 338, 354, 359, 363, 369, 373, 385, 399, 400, 417, 422-424, 434-
439, 443, 463, 469, 479, 480, 496, 500, 518.
CUYP, Jan , a Dutch artist, who worked early in th e las t century, bu t
of whom no particulars have been found.—ii. 403.
D ADLER, Sebastian, was a native of Strasbourg. His works date
from 1619 to 1653. He was much esteemed as a medallist, and was
appointed goldsmith to th e court a t Augsburg. He worked a t various
times a t Nuremberg, Hamburg, and Dresden.—i. 291, 415.
D A S S IE R , James Anthony, nephew of th e following, b. a t Geneva in
1715, worked in Rome, London, and St. Petersburg, and d. on his road
to Copenhagen in 1780. He came to London in 1740, and in the following
year was appointed Assistant Engraver to the Royal Mint. He
returned to Geneva in 1745.—ii. 558, 565, 568, 570, 572,579, 582,585-590,.
658, 661, 663.
D A S S IE R , Jean, b. a t Geneva in 1676, d. there in 1763. He studied
engraving under his father, whom he succeeded as Chief Engraver to the
Republic of Geneva, and under Mauger and Roettier in Paris. He came
to England in 1728, and three years later issued his medallic series
of English Sovereigns from William I . to George I I . Sir Andrew
Fountaine offered Dassier an appointment a t the Royal M in t; b u t it
was declined. Besides a very large number of private medals, Dassier
executed a series of the French Kings, and others of remarkable men of
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