encomiums, and ftiled the lovely, the crown o f Ionia, the ornament
o f Afia,
I n the year 1084, Tzachas, a TurkKh malecontent, who af-
furned the title o f king, feized and made Smyrna his capital.
His fleet took Clazomene, Phocea, Scio, Samos, Mitylene, and
other places. In io 9y the city was befieged by John Ducas, the
Greek admiral j and on its furrender, Cafpaces, who had been
fent to attack it by fea, was appointed governor j but a Turk
ftabbed him, and his death was revenged by the maflacre of ten
thoufand inhabitants. The whole coaft of Afia, from Smyrna to
Attalia, had been deiblated by the wars, when the Greek emperor
fent Philokales, in 1106, to reflore its cities. Adromitium,
which had been utterly deftroyed by Tzachas, was then rebuilt,
and peopled with pealants and ftrangers.
A t the beginning of the thirteenth century, Smyrna lay in
ruins, except the acropolis, which ferved as a fortrefs. This was;
repaired and beautified by the emperor John Angel us Comnenus,
who died in 1224. Smyrna, thus reftored, was a frnall town
chiefly on the fummit of Mount Pagus, or within the prefent
caftle.
^N , 3Id> Atin had fubdued Lydia, and extended his conquers
to this place. In 1332, Amir or Homur, his fon and
fucceflor, was fultan of Smyrna. In 1345, while he was abfent
with his fleet, ravaging the coafts o f the Propontis, feme gallies
of the Latins, and of the knights of Rhodes burnt feveral veflels
in the port. Amir arrived in time to fave the town, but could
not diflodge the enemy from a fort, which they had feized, nor
prevent their making a fettlement, which was at the mouth of
the port, at a diftance from the Turkilh town. The next year,
the pope lent thither a nominal patriarch of Conftantinople, ef-
corted by twelve gallies j but Amir, while mafs was celebrating
in the church, attacked and drove the Italians into their citadel
called fort St. Peter, before which he was afterwards killed by
an arrow. T am e r l a n e ,
T am e r l a n e , who ravaged Anatolia or Afia Minor in 1402,
hearing that the Chriftians and Mahometans had each a ftrong-
hold at Smyrna, and were always at war, required the former
to change their religion j but the governor foliciting aid from
the European princes, Tamerlane marched in perfon to fubdue
a place, which fultan Morat had attempted in vain, and which
his fon Bajazet had befieged or blockaded for feven years. He
attacked it by fea and land; and, to ruin the port, ordered each
foldier to throw a ftone into the mouth, which was foon filled
up ; but the Ihips had got away. He took the town in fourteen
days, with great daughter of the inhabitants, and demolilhed
the houfes. The knights had fled into the caftle of St. Peter,
and thence to their gallies, which lay near. He is faid to have
cut off a thoufand prifoners, and to have caufed a tower to be
erefted with ftones and their heads intermixed.
C ineis , who had long been governor of the Turkilh town»
continued in pofleflion when it was thus freed from its enemy
and rival. He was much efteemed by the Ionians, and, after a
variety of fortune, rofe to be a fovereign in Afia. Sultan Mohammed
the firft marched againft him in 1419* and deprived
him of Nymplfeum, the city Cyme, and fort Archangel, called
by the Turks Kaghiafk, fituated in the field of Menomen. He
was aflifted by the governors of the iflands, who hated Cineis,
by the princes of Phocea, of Higher Phrygia, Caria, Lelbos,
Scio, and even by the grand Mafter of Rhodes, who was then
rebuilding fort St. Peter, which Tamerlane had deftroyed. He
demolilhed the fortification of Smyrna, but fpared the inhabitants;
and ordered fort St. Peter to be again ruined, on a complaint,
that it Iheltered the Ionian Haves who efeaped from their
owners; and to requite the grand Mafter, permitted him to ereft
^ f°rt on the borders of Lycia and Caria. In 1424 Smyrna was.
again taken by fultan Morat, Cineis retiring to the mountains..
W hen.