grotefque and riiible figure. A woman followed, trudging on.
foot, with a child at her back, her naked breafts hanging
down before her. In half an hour we eroded a ftream running
eaftward j and then palled by a fpot, where a number of the
Turcomans were loading their camels, and bulled in removing
their booths, their wives, children, and cattle. We entered
the caravan-road from Angora to Smyrna, when our courfe became
weft, with mount Tmolus on our left hand ; and arrived
in three hours and a half at Ala-lhahir.
C H A P . LXXIV.
O f Philadelphia — Its modern hißory — The prefent town —- A
mineral fpring, and the fuppofed wall o f bones — Difife o f the
Greek tongue — Civility of the people — News of the Plague
— Arrive at Sardes.
A T T A L U S Philadelphus, brother of Eumenes, was the
founder of Philadelphia, which flood on a root of mount
Tmolus, by the river Cogamus. The frequent earthquakes,
which it experienced, were owing to its vicinity with Catakekau-
mene. Even the city-walls were not fecure, but were lhaken
almoft daily, and difparted. The inhabitants lived in perpetual
apprehenfion, and were always employed in repairs. They were
few in number, the people refiding chiefly in the country, and
cultivating the foil, which was fertile.
J ohn Ducas, the Greek general, to whom Laodicea fubmit-
ted, took Philadelphia, with Sardes, by afiault, in 1097. It
was again reduced, about the year 1106, under the fame emperor,
without difficulty. Two years after, the Turks marched
from the Eaft, with a defign to plunder it and the maritime
cities. In 1175 the emperor Manuel, falling into an ambuf-
cade of the Turks, not far from the fources of the Meander,
retired
retired to Philadelphia. In the divifion of the conquefts of Sultan
Aladin in 1300, the inner parts of Phrygia, as far as Cilicia
and Philadelphia, fell by lot to Karamän. The town in 1306
was befieged by Alifuras, who took the forts near, and diftrefled
it, but retired on the approach of the Roman army. The Tri-
polines requefted fuccour from the general, on his way by Kliara;
and he defeated the enemy at Aulak. It is related, that the Philadelphians
defp.ifed the Turks, having a tradition, that their
city had never been taken. After this exploit, the Grand Duke
Roger returned hither, by the forts of Kula and Turnus, and
exadted money. In 1391 Philadelphia fingly refufed to admit
Bajazetj but wanting provifions Was forced to capitulate. Cineis,
after his reconciliation with Amir prince of Ionia, drew over to
his intereft this place, with Sardes, Nymphdum, and the country
as far as the Hermus.
It was aritiently matter of furprize, that Philadelphia was
not abandoned j and yet it has furvived many cities lefs liable to
earthquakes, and continues now a mean, but confiderable town,
o f large extent, fpreading on the Hopes of three1 or four hills.
O f the wall, with which it has been encompafied, many remnants
are ftanding, but with large gaps. The materials of this
fortification are fmall ftones, with ftrong cement. It is thick
and lofty, and has round tower's. On the top, at regular distances,
were a great number of nefts, each as big as a bulhel j
with the cranes, their owners, by them, Angle or in pairs.
The bed of the Cogamus, which is on the north-eaft fide, was
almoft dry. The French traveller, Paul Lucas has miftaken
this place for Laodicea.
Going a little up the Cogamus, between the mountains, in
the bank on the right hand, is a fpring of a purgative quality,
much efteemed and reforted to in the hot months. It tailed like
ink, is clear, and tinges the earth with the colour of ochre.
Farther