571. C. debile, Eng. Bot. t. 2462. (W.)
572. C. cl a vie ul are, Ach. Syn. p. 57. (W.)
573. Gyrophora proboscidea, ß. aretica, Ach. Syn. p. 65. Tab. 30. fig. 4. (B.)
Thallus monophyllüs, umbilicatus,. orbicularis, tenuis, in ambitu plerumque lacerus; supra rugis umbili-
cum versus majoribus reticulatus, concavus vel convexus et nisi ex rupto margine planus, semper medio
umbonem vel umbilicum ostendens; subtus pedicello brevissiino central! saxo affixus, glaber, ambitum
versus levissimÖ lacunosus, quandoque jpunctis depressis notatus et rarissimß fibrillisquibusdam instructus.
Thalli color brunnescenti-niger et aliquondo- quasi pulvisculo suffus'o- fere' einereus :J subtus sordid^ flaves-
centi-brunneus interdum cinerascens r utrinque opacus. In aqua -totus pallet. Apothecia sessilia, orbicu-
laria, rarius angulata, disco piano, vel convexiusculo, plicis; concentricis pulcherrime notato et margine
proprio elevato cincto.
Expl. Iconis. a. Superf supina. h. Superf. prona. mag. nat. e. Apotheciumet portio thalli sub lente visse,
Hab. On rocks on the Barren Grounds; more abundant towards the Arctic Sea than the following
species.
574. G. hyperborea, Ach. Nov. Act. Stöckh. xv. t. 2. f. 2'. opt. Ach. Syn. p. 66.
Tab. 30. fig. 3. (B .f ;
Thallus lacero-laciniatus, supra densissime papulato-rugosus, subtus magis aut minus reticulato-Iacuno-
sus, glaber. Apothecia difformia, angulata,- eonvexa, p'lfeis ufcplurimum circinatis notata. Prsecedenti
afhnis et fortassd ejus varietas senilis. (B.) ■
Expl. Iconis eadem ut in prsecedenti.
575. G. pensylvanica, Ach. Syn. p. 67. Muhl. Cat. p. ,105y Tab. 30. fig. 2. (W.B.)
Thallus tenuis umbilicatus, irregulariter expansus, flexuosus, passim erosus, in ambitu lacero-laciniatus
supra umbrino-brunneus, plerumque prope umbilicum materia quadam crustaceä canescens, papulis elevätis,
oblongis vel conoideis, obtusis, sparsis, discretis, saccis paginse adverse respondentibus munitus ; subtus
lacunosus, punctis crebris elevatis scaber ■ brunnescenti-niger, ambitum versus pallidior ;• utrinque opacus.
Madefactus aliquantulum pallet et supra olivaceus vel seneo-fuscus evadit.
Apothecia simplicia adpressa, orbiculata vel flexuosa angulataque, disco opaco, piano vel concaviusculo,
sequabili interdum östiolo centrali impresso et Margine proprio elevato nitidiuseulo cincto.. Apothecia ali-
quando in discis suis alia minora ferunt vel cum aliis confluunt quibus modis formatur apothecium satis
magnum disco planiusculo irregulariter plicato, margine communi flexuoso, et angulato cincto. Sunt
quoque in thallis quibusdam fortassin vetustioribus apothecia (spuria) dissimilia parva, discreta, autcon-
ferta,: discis depressis' et marginfbüs granulato-crenülatis, rugosis, infrexrsque. Apothecia vetuStiora
utriusque generis in ambitu d thallo el'evata sunt'.
Thallus interdum locos humidos opacos habitans flavescenti-cinere'us fit. (B.)
Expl. Icon: eadem ut in prsecedenti.
576. G. MOHLENBERGiiy Ach. Syn. p. 67. Muhl. Cat. p. ,105. Tab. 30. Fig. 1. (W.B.)
Thallus hujus quam trium praecedentium paulo crassius, plerumque polyphyllus, hepatico-brunneus,
extrorsum fere nigricans, oblique umbilicatus, flexuosus, prope umbilicum capillaceo-brunneus corrugato-
plicatus, plerumque irregulariter expansus, margineque lacero, hie illic pertusus erosusque; supra glaber,
nitidiusculus, fbveolis ab apotheceis impletis ambitum versus prsecipue iropressis; subtus sordide flavescenti-
brunneus, minute verrucosus, at fixuris cribriformibus nigrescentibus fere obtectus. Apothecia majuseula
vix unauara orbiculata, fere semper angulata, et non raro pulchrd- stellata, eonvexa, densissime plicata non
semper, in sacculfe immersa sed etiam in pland superficie thalli sessilia. Dantur quoque in eodera thallo
apothecia avia (spuria) parva fere orbicularia, disco depresso et margine granulato rugosoque iuflexo.
Exp . Icon, -eadem ut in prsecedenti.
Obs. This and the three preceding species were found in greater or less abundance in all rocky places
throughout our journey. We used them all four as articles of food, but not having the means of extracting
the bitter principle from them, they proved nauseous to all, and noxious to several of the party, producing
severe bowel complaints. The Indians use the G. Muhlenbergii, rejecting the others, and when boiled
along with fish-roe or other animal matter, it is agreeable and nutritious. On the Barren Grounds this
lichen is scarce, and we were obliged to resort to the other three, which served the purpose of allaying the
appetite, but were very inefficient in recruiting our strength.- r
577. G. vellea, Ach. Syn. p. 68. Umbilicariayellea, Mich. Ft. Am. ii. p. 323. (W.B.)
Thallus crassiusculus, molliusculus, saepe latitudine sesquipedalis, sordide flavescenti-griseus (sub lente
verrucosus) pertusus erosusque, in ambitu sub rotundato-lobatus,.lacerusque: subtus fibrillis densis brevi-
bus, furcatis, nigris, hirsutus. Apothecia nunquam inveni.
Hab. On shady and moist rocks, most luxuriant in woods. This is more agreeable to eat than any of
the preceding species, but we met with it very sparingly on the Barren Grounds.
578. Opegrapha macularis, Ach. Syn. p. 72. Muhl. Cdt. p. 105. (W.)
579. O. e pipa sta , /3. microscopica, Ach. Syn. p. 75. 0: microscopica, Eng. Bot.
t. 1911. (W.)
580. Verrucaria e p id e rm id is, Ach. Syn. p. 89. (W.)
581. V. stigmatella, Ach. Syn. p. 89. Eng. Bot. 1.1891. Muhl. Cat. p. 105. (W.)
582. E ndogarpon complicatum, Ach. Syn. p. 102. Eng. Bot. t. 593. (B.)
583. E. v irid e (absque scutellis), Ach. Lich. Univers. p. 300. (B.)
584. T helotrema lefadinum, Ach.1 Syn. p. 115. Lichen inclusus, Eng. Bot.
t 678. (B.)
585. Variolaria communis, g. aspergilla, Ach. Syn. p. 131. Eng. Bot. t. 2041.
Muhl. Cat. p. 105. (B.)
5 8 6 . U r c e o l a r ia c in e r e a , Ach. Syn. p . 1 4 0 . Hoff. PI. Lick. t . 2 0 . f . 2 . (B.)
587. Lecanora atra, Ach. Syn. p. 146. Lichen ater, Eng. Bot. t. 949. Muhl. Cat.
p. 105. (B.)
588. L. oculata, Ach. Syn. p. 148. Lichen oculatus, Ertg. Bot. 1.1833. (B.)
589. L. periclea, Ach. Syn. p. 150. (W.B.)
590. L. badia, Ach. Syn. p. 154. Lichen piceus, Dicks. Crypt. Fase. 4 .1.12. f. 1. (B.)
591. L. e pib ry o n , Ach. Syn. p. 155. (B.)
592. L. sub-fusca, Ach. Syn. p. 157. Eng. Bot. t. 2109. Muhl. Cat. (W.B.)
593. L. vento'sa, Ach. Syn. p. 159. Eng. Bot. t. 906. (B.)
594. L. glaucoma, Ach. Syn. p. 165. Ertg. Bot. t. 2156; (B.)
595. L. parella, y. upsaliensis, Ach. Syst. p. 169. Lichen upsaliensis, Eng. Bot.
t. 1634. (B.)
596. L. tartarea, Ach. Syn. p. 172? Lichen tartareus, Eng. Bot. t. 156? (B.)
597. L. cerina, Ach. Syn. p. 173. Lichen cerinus, Eng. Bot. t. 627. Muhl: Cat.
p.,105. (W.B.)
598. L. ERYTHRELLA, Ach. Syn. p. 175. (W.)
599. L. ciTRiNA, Ach. Syn. p. 176. Eng. Bot. 1 .1793. (W.)