Formulation The medians of the vertical index and of ortho-prognathism in the several periods are as follows:—
M alts o f
(Negroid.)
Males o f
Group II.
(Non- negroid.)
Females o f
Group 1.
(Negroid.)
Females o f
Group II.
(Non-negroid.)
Vertical Index:
Sixth to Twelfth Dynasties . . m 74 74* 74
Twelfth to Fifteenth Dynasties from Hon . . 73 72* 70* 72
Twelfth to Fifteenth Dynasties from Abydos 73? 78? 74
Eighteenth Dynasty from A b yd o s .................. 72* n * 73 71*
Eighteenth Dynasty from Shekh Ali . . . . 71 73 73 72*
Ortho-Prognathism :
Sixth to Twelfth Dynasties....................... .... B C to C AB to B BC B
Twelfth to Fifteenth Dynasties from Hon . . CtoCD AB C A to A B
Twelfth to Fifteenth Dynasties from Abydos — AB B A to A B
Eighteenth Dynasty from Abydos . . . . . AB to B A to A B A B to. B B
Eighteenth Dynasty from Shekh Ali . . . . C to C D B C B
The most The most significant points m the evidence formulated above are the followingf—
significant
points in the
evidence I n THE MALES,
formulated
above. Cephalic Index and Capacity. In the seriation of the entire population the two
Abydos cemeteries agree in having a higher median of cephalic index, while Shekh Ali
and Hou agree in having a lower. The cephalic index is maintained in all four series at
the level reached in the First Dynasty, which is higher than that of the Early and the
Late Predynastic.
The percentage of mesaticephals and of brachycephals has increased in general,
though the Shekh Ali series forms an exception.
There has been a continuous rise in the percentage of megacephals from the Early
Predynastic period to the end of the Twelfth Dynasty. This is followed by a fall in the
percentage at Shekh Ali (Eighteenth Dynasty) and at Hou (Twelfth to Fifteenth) and
then by a rise to the highest point of all at Abydos (Eighteenth). These changes are
correlated with a corresponding rise and fall of the cephalic index.
Next, to examine the individual race-stocks. In these it appears that the cephalic
index oscillates slightly both in the negroid and in the non-negroid group; but the
oscillation is in general harmonious, not being greater for the one race than for the other.
In comparison, however, with the early times it should be noticed that the cephalic index
of the negroid males has decreased from what it was in the First Dynasty. The
non-negroid group has a very slightly higher cephalic index than the negroid in all these
series except that of Hou (Twelfth to Fifteenth Dynasties). The statements that have
been made as to the cephalic index of the two groups are equally applicable to the cranial
capacity, except only that in the Eighteenth Dynasty at Abydos the cranial capacity is
equal for both.
Facial and Nasal Indices and Prognathism. In the seriation of the entire population
the two extremes of facial type are found in the two Eighteenth Dynasty series, since at
Abydos there are no chamaeprosopic examples, while at Shekh Ali there are more than in
any other period (viz. 6 per cent.).
In regard to the nose the extreme leptorhiny of the Shekh Ali specimens is remarkable.
The most
significant
points in the
evidence
formulated
above.
The great amount of prognathism at Hou (Twelfth to Fifteenth Dynasties) and
the complete absence of it at Abydos must be noted. The general movement, moreover,
of the ortho-prognathic median towards orthognathism after the Predynastic periods is
significant (see arithmetical means in Chart I).
When the individual race-stocks are examined it is seen that the difference between
them in facial index is least at Abydos in the Eighteenth Dynasty. The contrast in the
nasal index of the two races again is more pronounced at Hou than anywhere else; and
in general the opposition of negroid and non-negroid in respect of facial characteristics is
more clearly defined at Hou than in any other series throughout the history.
The median of ortho-prognathism is consistently about two points more prognathic in
the negroid than in the non-negroid, until Abydos in the Eighteenth Dynasty where there
is only one point’s difference (viz. from a and a b to a b and b).
In t h e F em a l e s .
Cephalic Index and Capacity. In the seriation of the entire population the rise in
cephalic index during the three earliest periods is maintained between the Sixth and
Eighteenth Dynasties. Indeed there is actually a progressive advance at Abydos both in
the Twelfth to Fifteenth and in the Eighteenth Dynasties, though not on the other sites.
Thus there would seem to be some evidence of a grouping dependent on social rank,
inasmuch as the women of what was at any rate not the richest class in the Twelfth to
Fifteenth Dynasties (cf. the remarks below) resemble those of the poorer class of
the Eighteenth Dynasty; whereas the two Abydos cemeteries, which at this date were
probably monopolized by the superior classes, agree in exhibiting a higher cephalic index.
The same remarks are applicable to the cranial capacity.
As for the individual race-stocks there is the same harmony in the rise and fall of the
cephalic index of the two groups as was observed in the males. The only exception is in
the series of the Twelfth to Fifteenth Dynasties from Abydos, where the non-negroid
stock has a median cephalic index two units higher than the negroid.
In both series of the Twelfth to Fifteenth Dynasties the capacity of the non-negroids
exceeds that of the negroids; but the reverse is seen in the Sixth to Twelfth Dynasties,
and at Abydos in the Eighteenth Dynasty, which are the only two cases until the Roman
period in which the negroid women are noticeably superior in cranial capacity. A t Shekh
Ali the two groups are identical in respect of this feature.
Facial and Nasal Indices and Prognathism. In the Sixth to Twelfth Dynasties and
in the Twelfth to Fifteenth Dynasties (both sites) the facial index reverts to exactly what
it was in the Early Predynastic period. But in the Eighteenth Dynasty (both sites) the
face shortens, as it did in the Late Predynastic period and in the First Dynasty.
The nasal index in the Sixth to Twelfth Dynasties reverts, like the facial index, to
the type seen in the Early Predynastic period. On the other hand the Abydos females
of both periods are characterized, in spite of the shortening of the face, by narrower noses.'
The Shekh Ali females resemble their contemporaries of the Eighteenth Dynasty at
Abydos in nasal as well as in facial index, though they are so different from them in
cephalic index and capacity, a result similar to that noted in the males.
The progressive decrease in prognathism (see arithmetical means in Chart II) is
noteworthy. And it is also worth remarking that there is a greater number of prognathic
females than males at Abydos in the Eighteenth Dynasty.