Formulation
of evidence.
I n th e T w e l f th t o F if t e e n th D y n a s t ie s th e fa c ia l in d e x is v i r tu a l ly th e s am e a s in th e S i x th to
T w e l f th b o th in r e g a rd to th e m ed ian a n d t o th e p e r c e n ta g e -d is t r ib u t io n .
I n b o th s ite s o f th e E ig h t e e n th D y n a s t y , h ow e v e r , th e fa c e is a p p r e c ia b ly sh o r te r , an d s im i la r ly
th e p e r c e n ta g e o f le p to p ro so p ic s p e c im e n s h a s d e c r e a se d . A s in th e m a le s e r ie s o f th e E ig h t e e n th
D y n a s t y from S h e k h A l i s o a ls o in th e fem a le s c h am a e p ro s o p ic e x am p le s o c cu r .
(e) N a s a l In d e x . In th e S i x th t o T w e l f th D y n a s t ie s th e n o s e o f th e w om e n is o n e u n it b ro a d e r
th a n in th o s e from th e R o y a l T o m b s , an d is th e s am e a s i t w a s in th e E a r l y an d in th e L a t e
P r e d y n a s t ic p e r io d s .
O f th e su c c e e d in g p e r io d s i t is t o b e r em a rk e d t h a t th e n o s e b e c om e s r a th e r n a rrow e r in b o th th e
A b y d o s c em e te r ie s an d a u n i t an d a h a l f n a r row e r a t S h e k h A l i . T h i s is in a g r e em en t w ith th e
d is t r ib u t io n o f spe c im en s , w h ic h sh ow s a g en e r a l r ise in th e p ro p o r t io n o f le p to rh in y , r e a c h in g its
h ig h e s t p e r c e n t a g e a t S h e k h A l i ju s t a s i t d id in th e m a les .
O rth o g n a th ism a n d P r o g n a th ism . In th e S i x t h to T w e l f th D y n a s t ie s th e d is t r ib u t io n o f P r o g
n a th ism c lo s e ly re s em b le s th a t s e en in th e F i r s t D y n a s t y . I t is to b e n o t ic e d th a t th e fem a le s o f th e
T w e l f th t o F if t e e n th D y n a s t ie s a t H o u d o n o t e x h ib i t th e s am e r em a r k a b le p ro p o r t io n o f P r o g n a th ic
s p e c im e n s a s th e m a le s . In th e E ig h t e e n th D y n a s t y th e p e r c e n ta g e o f p ro g n a th ism a t S h e k h A l i is
h ig h fo r th e fem a le s , ju s t a s i t w a s fo r th e m a le s ; i t is a ls o h ig h a t A b y d o s , in m a r k e d co n tr a s t to
th e m a le s e r ie s , in w h ic h p ro g n a th ism d o e s n o t o c c u r a t a ll.
T h e g e n e r a l d e c r e a se in p ro g n a th ism th r o u g h o u t th e s e p e r io d s is a p o in t n o t to b e o v e r lo o k e d
(s e e th e a r i thm e t ic a l m e an s a s g iv e n in th e su p p lem e n t , C h a r t I I ) .
D iv id e d S e r ie s . T h e S e p a r a t e R a c e -s t o c k s .
T h e r ep r e s e n ta t io n o f th e tw o s to c k s ( e x c lu d in g in te rm e d ia te s , fo r w h ic h s e e p . 13 5 ) fo r th e s e
p e r io d s an d o n th e s e s ite s is a s f o l lo w s :—
Group I.
M alts.
{Negroid.)
Group I.
{Negroid)
Group ii.
Males.
{Non-negroid.)
Group ii.
{Non-negroid.)
Sixth to Twelfth Dynasties............................
Percent.
2O4
Percent
13?
Percent
64
Percent
47?
Twelfth to Fifteenth Dynasties from Hon . . 20 16 62 47
Twelfth to Fifteenth Dynasties from Abydos. 16 (0 examples) 48?
Eighteenth Dynasty from Shekh Ali. . . . 22 16? 69 62?
Eighteenth Dynasty from Abydos . . . . 10* 19 63 64
Gr o u p I (N e g r o id ) . M a le s . In th e S i x t h to T w e l f th D y n a s t ie s th e c h a r a c te r is tic s o f G r o u p 1
c lo s e ly a p p ro x im a t e t o w h a t t h e y w e re in th e F i r s t D y n a s t y in r e s p e c t o f c r an ia l c a p a c it y , u p p e r fa c ia l,
an d n a sa l in d ic e s . B u t th e c e p h a li c in d e x is 1-? u n its low e r .
In r e g a rd t o u p p e r fa c ia l an d n a sa l in d ic e s th e S i x t h to T w e l f th n e g ro id s sh o w li t t le c h a n g e s in c e
th e E a r l y an d L a t e P r e d y n a s t i c ; in r e s p e c t o f c r a n ia l c a p a c i t y th e m e d ian o f t h e S i x th to T w e l f th is
id e n t ic a l w ith th e L a t e P r e d y n a s t ic a n d h ig h e r th a n th e E a r ly . T h e c e p h a lic in d e x is tw o u n its
h ig h e r th a n in E a r l y P r e d y n a s t ic , i | u n i ts h ig h e r th a n th e L a t e P r e d y n a s t ic .
I n th e T w e l f th t o F i f t e e n th D y n a s t ie s from H o u G r o u p 1 is p re s en t in i t s m o s t p ro n o u n c ed
fo rm. ^ I t e x h ib it s th e h ig h e s t d e g r e e o f p la t y r h in y o f a n y p e r io d , th o u g h in r e s p e c t o f c a p a c i t y an d
c e p h a lic in d e x th e fig u r e s a r e in te rm e d ia te b e tw e en th o s e r ep r e s e n ta t iv e o f th e s e v e r a l e a r lie r p e r io d s ;
a n d th e fa c ia l in d e x d is p la y s li t t le d iv e r g e n c e .
C om p a r e d w ith th e T w e l f th t o F if t e e n th D y n a s t y sp e c im e n s f r om H o u th o s e o f th e E ig h t e e n th
D y n a s t y from S h e k h A l i d is p la y a r em a r k a b le f a l l in th e m ed ian o f th e n a sa l in d e x an d fu rn ish th e
o n l y e x am p le in th is G r o u p o f a n a v e r a g e t y p e w h ic h fa lls ju s t w ith in th e l im it s o f m e s o rh in y .
T h e f a c ia l in d e x in th e E i g h t e e n th D y n a s t y from S h e k h A l i a ls o fa lls , v iz . b y a u n it a n d a h a lf.
I n o th e r r e s p e c ts th e c h a r a c te r s o f th is G r o u p a r e m u c h th e s am e in th e tw o p e r io d s . T h e
r e p r e s e n ta t iv e s o f G r o u p 1 in th e E ig h t e e n th D y n a s t y a t A b y d o s , few th o u g h t h e y a r e , c lo s e ly
co n fo rm to th e c h a r a c te r is tic s o f th is g r o u p d is p la y e d in th e S i x th to T w e l f th D y n a s t ie s . T h e
a p p a r e n t r is e in c r a n ia l c a p a c i t y r e s ts o n d o u b t fu l e v id en c e , a s th e e ig h t sp e c im e n s c om p o s in g th e
g r o u p a r e s c a t te r e d w id e l y o v e r th e s cale .
G r o u p I (N e g r o id ) . F em a les. In th e fem a le s o f th e S i x th to T w e l f th D y n a s t ie s th e m ed ian o f
c r an ia l c a p a c i t y is h ig h e r th a n in a n y o f th e p re v io u s p e r io d s . T h e c e p h a lic in d e x a ls o e x c e e d s th a t
o f a l l p re v io u s p e r io d s , e x c e p t o n ly th e E a r l y P r e d y n a s t ic , th e fa c ia l in d e x r em a in s s ta b le a t th e p o in t
w h ic h it h a d r e a c h ed in th e L a t e P r e d y n a s t ic , w h ils t th e n o s e is w id e r b y o n e u n it th a n th e w id e s t
p r e v io u s ly r e a ch ed ( v iz . E a r l y P r ed y n a s t ic ) .
In th e s p e c im e n s from H o u o f th e T w e l f th to F if t e e n th D y n a s t ie s th e c r a n ia l c a p a c i t y d r o p s to Formulation
1 , 00 c c ., w h ile th e c e p h a lic in d e x o n ly fa lls b y h a l f a u n it. T h e no s e , h ow e v e r , s u d d e n ly n a r row s b y of evidence..
34 u n its an d falte w ith in th e m e so rh in e d iv is io n ; th e fa c ia l in d e x rem a in s u n a lte r ed .
In th e s p e c im e n s from A b y d o s o f th e s am e p e r io d th e c r a n ia l c a p a c i t y r is e s a g a in b y *0
a c h a n g e w h ic h is a c c om p a n ie d b y a r is e in th e c e p h a lic in d e x o f o n e u n it. T h e fa c e is lo n g e r b y o n e
um t th a n in th e s p e c im en s from H o u , a n d th e n o s e is w id e r b y tw o u nits . T h e s p e c im e n s from
b h e k h A l l o f th e E i g h t e e n th D y n a s t y a r e id e n t ic a l w i th th o s e o f th e F if t e e n th D y n a s t y from
A b y d o s , e x c e p t in r e s p e c t o f th e c e p h a lic in d e x , w h ic h is tw o u n i ts low e r . In th e E i g h t e e n th D y n a s t y
from A b y d o s th e r e is a r ise o f 90 c c . in th e c a p a c i t y (w h ich in th is c a s e is m o re t r u s tw o r th y th a n th e
a p p a r e n t n s e m th e m a le s o f t h e s am e p e r io d a n d s ite ) , w h ic h is a c c om p a n ie d b y a r is e o f tw o u n i ts in
th e c e p h a lic in d e x a b o v e t h a t o f th e S h e k h A l i s p e c im en s . W i th r e s p e c t t o fa c ia l in d e x th e A b y d o s
s p e c im en s a r e sh o r te r b y a u n it th a n th o s e from S h e k h A l i , w h ile th e n a sa l in d e x rem a in s v i r tu a l ly
th e sam e . J
, P R? UP Uu (N o n -n e g ro id ) . B B T 1?e m a le s o f G r o u P 11 in th e S i x th t o T w e l f th D y n a s t ie s m o s t
c lo s e ly r e s em b le th o s e o f th e E a r l y P r e d y n a s t ic , d iffe r in g f r om th em o n ly in th e ir s li g h t l y g r e a te r
cran ia l c a p a c i t y an d s lig h t ly w id e r no s e . T h e y d iffe r from th e F i r s t D y n a s t y in h a v in g a lo n g e r fa c e
su ch a s is ch a r a c te r is t ic o f t h e tw o e a r lie s t p e r io d s . A s com p a r ed w ith th o s e from th e R o y a l T om b s
th e m a le s o f t h e S ix th to T w e l f th D y n a s t ie s h a v e a s li g h t l y lo n g e r fa c e a n d a w id e r no se .
I n th e s p e c im e n s from H o u o f th e T w e l f th t o F i f t e e n th D y n a s t ie s th e r e is a fa ll in th e c r an ia l
c a p a a t y a c com p an ie d b y a fa ll m th e c e p h a lic in d e x ; th e n a sa l a p e r tu r e is tw o u n its n a rrow e r . In
th e T w e lf th t o F i f t e e n th D y n a s t ie s from A b y d o s th e w id e r a n g e o v e r w h ic h th e n in e s p e c im en s
■ H i a r e d is t r ib u te d m a k e s th e a p p a r en t r is e in th e m e d ia n o f c a p a c i t y s bm ew h a t
W b r e ! g h n “ ™ d ° ? b ? id m th e c e p h a lic in d e x o f i j u n i t s ; th e fa c ia l an d n a sa l
le p to p r o s o p y IS S' n eS ^ ° n ^ lmltS d lv ,d ln g m e s o rh in y from p la t y r h in y a n d m e s o p ro s o p y from
T h e s p e c im e n s from S h e k h A l i o f th e E ig h t e e n th D y n a s t y r e s em b le r a th e r th e H o u th a n th e
m d y wMer?nosedenS ° f ^ T w d f t h t o F lf te e n th D y n a s t ie s , th o u g h t h e y a r e s om ew h a t s h o r te r - fa c ed
T w l f f i ' i S w i , 01n h e E ‘g h te ,e n th H I B A b y d o s s e em m o re c lo s e ly a llie d to th o s e o f t h e
T w e l f th to F if t e e n th D y n a s t ie s from A b y d o s th a n to th o s e o f th e T w e l f th to F if t e e n th D y n a s t ie s
f e c S l a n d n a s ^ ln d t e s “ ’ ^ E ig h t e e n th D y n a s t y s e r ie s o f S h e k h A l i « r e g a rd s th e ir
G r o u p i i (N o n -n e g ro id ) . F em a les. In th e S i x t h t o T w e l f th D y n a s t i e s th e fem a le s o f G r o u p I
h a v e a c r an ia l c a p a c i t y e q u a l t o th a t o f th e L a t e P r e d y n a s t i c fem a le s o f th e n o n -n e g ro id g r o u p an d H i «“ c r an ia l c a p a c i t y is co n s id e r a b ly low e r M i
lu e lrSt , y,n a s t£ ° r a t o n tR o y a l T o m b s (p ro b a b ly m co n se q u en c e o f a d e c r e a s e in s ta tu r e
! ■ k n g th s 0“ . p \ 88X th o u g h th e c e p h a lic in d e x is h ig h e r th a n in e ith e r o f th o s e p e r io d s
T h e fa c e - le n g th is id e n t ic a l w ith th a t fo u n d u n d e r th e F i r s t D y n a s t y an d a t th e R o y a l T o m b s b e in g
s om ew h a t sh o r t e r th a n th a t o f th e E a r l y P r e d y n a s t ic , a n d tw o u n its lo n g e r th an M H H h H
m o m S o n e ^ r a n d a h a l f “ m<?SOrhlne' b u t d ° “ n o t from w h a t i t w a s in th e e a r ly p e r io d s b y
T h e sp e c im en s from H o u o f th e T w e l f th t o F i f t e e n th D y n a s t i e s m a y b e s a id to b e id e n t ic a l
w ith th o s e o f f t e S ^ t h t o T w e l f th D y n a s t ie s , th o u g h s li g h t l y (o n e u n it) n a rrow e r in th e n o s e .d
o r o f th J t T F l f te .en «? D y n a s t y s p e c im e n s a r e d is t in c t ly s u p e r io r to th o s e o f H o u
H y H B M M .TJ e lftb D y n a s t ie s in r e s p e c t o f c r a n ia l c a p a c i t y an d c e p h a lic in d e x . T h e med ian
D U 2 £ h a l ‘.c 77j . * h lc h ls m e s a t ic e p h a lic a n d th e h ig h e s t o f a n y G r o u p in a n v
from H o u ™ “ 6 ” V lr tU a lly n o d lf fc r e n c e in th e fa c ia l o r n a sa l in d ic e s b e tw e en th e s e m d th e s p e c im e n s
In th e S h e k h A l i e x am p le s o f t h e E ig h t e e n th D y n a s t y th e r e is a fa ll in th e m e d ia n o f the cranial
c a p a c i t y an d o f t i le c e p h a lic in d e x b r in g in g th em in to a g r e em e n t w ith th e T w e l f th t o F if t e e n th
K V H a n d ‘ I * S i x th t o T w d f t h D y n a s t ie s . T h e m e d ia n o f t h e f r d a l M l
l i H faiCe “ f i 1" a n y ° « r e r tp e r io d e x c e p t th e L a t e P r e d y n a s t ic . T h e n a s a l M e x v a * s l f t t k
9 B B S o f « r e n o n -n e g ro id g r o u p th r o u g h o u t th e ir w h o le h is to r y .
T7- i T h e r e is v e r y l i t t le d iffe r e n c e b e tw e e n th e c r a n ia l c a p a c i t y o f t h e fem a le s from A b v d n c n f th o
E ig h t e e n th D y n a s t y an d o f th o s e from S h e k h A l i a t th e s am e p e r i o d ,X u g h t h ? f o r m e d H R
m M ! i n c eP.h a lre ln d e x i 7 5 i ) w h ic h b r in g s th em w ith in th e m e s a t ic e p h a lic d iv is io n . I t is
t o th a t o f JrTi(.0r ei ^ i !a h a t i m C r a n ld c a p a c i t y o f th e n o n -n e g ro id w om en a t A b y d o s is m u c h in fe r io r
— 0 I