Corroboration
of this
theory
afforded by
photographs.
The index-
values which
delimit the
two racial
elements.
The remaining 18 specimens were not included, because 15 of them were damaged
and three were contradictory in these characteristics1.
Several periods are represented in Plates iv - ix , as may be seen from the catalogue-
numbers which accompany the specimens. It was unnecessary to keep the periods
distinct as the object was to illustrate typical differences which had already been found
to persist throughout the entire history. The facial and the nasal indices of the
specimens figured in these plates are published not only in the Supplement (Charts I
and II), but also at the end of this chapter (Tables rv, v) for greater convenience
of reference. The contrasts are especially noticeable in the males, the short broad
face and broad nose of Group 1 conveying a quite different impression from the long
narrow face and slender nose by which Group 11 is characterized. There is another
distinguishing feature which, though unconsidered in the measurements, appears in the
photographs, and that is the great width at the root of the nose (inter-orbital width)
which is peculiar to Group 1.
As might be expected, there are a few specimens in which the sharp distinction
of the two groups is disappearing. This must inevitably result from the mixture and
intermarriage of the opposite types, but undoubtedly the parent groups are predominant.
Failing photographs or originals of most of the specimens, we were obliged to rely
on mere measurements for carrying out through the entire collection the division which
had been indicated in the first instance by measurements and subsequently confirmed by
ocular evidence. Accordingly, it was necessary to fix a hard and fast line delimiting
the index-values proper to each of the two respective groups. As a matter of fact,
this was not difficult. It had been ascertained by now that there were two groups,
and it was naturally to be presumed that there would be a few intermediate and border-
specimens as well as a few directly contradictory. An inspection of such graphic
diagrams of the different periods as those figured on Plate 11 showed that a natural
division occurred which could be placed at almost the same spot in all the periods.
In the facial index the point of cleavage was at 54 and in the nasal at 5°—5T» an^ though
there is necessarily a slight artificiality in making the division so rigid, we considered
it quite legitimate to fix the limits of our two groups by these figures. Consequently,
all specimens which combined a facial index of under 54 with a nasal index of over
50 were assigned to Group 1, and all specimens which combined a facial index of over
54 with a nasal of under 51 were assigned to Group 11. Specimens which combined
the facial index proper to one group with the nasal index proper to the other were
regarded as contradictions and put into a group of ‘ intermediates | 2. Those which fell
just at the dividing line of the two divisions were also treated as ‘ intermediates’ 3; they
1 In order to avoid as far as possible differences which might be due to the methods employed in photographing
the skulls, the specimens were arranged in sets o f ten on the arc o f a circle o f which the radius was
10 feet, the centre corresponding to the aperture o f a rectilinear lens o f 1 1 inches focal length. T h e specimens
were oriented according to the position in which they were taken on lines drawn radially through the arc, the
plane adopted being that recommended in the Frankfort agreement. In this w ay representations precisely
comparable to each other and practically orthographic were obtained fo r all the skulls except those lettered J,
which latter had been photographed in pairs on the site o f the excavations with a turning-table on the camera,
so that the lens pointed vertically downwards at a distance o f about 4 feet from the object.
* In regard to the ‘ intermediates’ it became apparent that the long-faced specimens among them could
be separated into two classes, viz. orthognathic and prognathic, and that the prognathic class was that which was
associated with platyrhiny.
* Specimens with a facial o f 54 were put into Group 1 if their nasal was higher than 5 1 , and into Group u
i f their nasal was lower than 5 1 . A v ery low facial index with a nasal o f 50 was regarded as assigning a specimen
were specimens with a facial index of 54 combined with a nasal of 51, and those with The
a nasal of 51 combined with a facial of 54, 55. or 56* delimit the
This rigid principle of classification was applied to all the series, and in the appended dements1.1
tables is given a list which shows the varying distribution of the two parent groups and
the intermediates in the different periods.
T A B L E I I . M A L E S . T A B L E II I . F EM A L E S .
Group I.
Humber of
examples.
Group II.
Number of
examples.
H i
m
Group I.
srcentage of
examples.
Group I I
ercentageof
examples.
in
f p s
Group I.
Number of
examples.
Group I I
Number of
examples.
'itermediate.
Number of
» 5 4
1 5 b
« i ä
Group II.
’ercentageof
examples.
Iff
Ü J 8
Early Predynastic . . 8 16 9 24* 48* 27* 8 1 18 15 19* 44 36*
Late Predynastic . . 20 86 25 24* 44* 81 24 88 29 28 88* 83*
First Dynasty . . .
6 10 6 IS 13 19 29 29 42
Royal Tombs of First
and Second Dynasties
Sixth to Twelfth Dynas-
1 11 3
15
5
t i e s ....................... 81 81 87 20* 54 25 52 42 13* 47* 38*
Twelfth to Fifteenth Dynasties
from Hou . .
Twelfth to Fifteenth Dy-
10 81 9 20 62 18 8 24
15
19 16 47 87
nasties from Abydos . 0 9 2 5 11 16 48* 35*
Eighteenth Dynasty
from Abydos . • .« 8 81 10 16* 63 20* 12 84 17 19 54 27
Eighteenth Dynasty
from Shekh Ali . . 8 22 7 22 59 19 7 24 15 15* 52* 82*
Thirtieth Dynasty . . 8 8 5 3 6 6
Ptolemaic period . . 10 35 27 14 48* 37* 17 24 15 80* 43 26*
Roman period . . • 8 21 11 20 52* 27* 11 18 15 25. 41 34
T A B L E IV : M A L E S . , TABLE V . F EM A L E S .
Fen
G r
tales
sup / Females o f
Group II.
Females o f
Group I I (cont.).
Catalogue
Numbers.
J Facial |
S Î
Catalogue
1 Numbers.
| |
(2.5 1 1
Catalogue
Numbers.
I Facial
1 Index. 1
1 1
C 82 55 57 A 10 57 49 J70 61 42
R613 54 67 J106 57 42 R605 58 42
B 188 57 57 J48 57 51 K84 60 50
R611 52 66 C64 55 47 A 50 54 49
" J6 50 56 B112 54 50 C94 56 49
;'Jf28 57 56* Bl34 53 45 C510 59 49
R607 55 C88 60 45
J 54 58 54 K80 57 45
B170 59 54 C58 62 53
D440 56 53 J26 55 47
J 82 54 52 A 82 58 46
A 14 58 51 D426 57 46
L14 54 51 J108 59 46
K82 55 51 C70 58 45
D432 47 48 D423 58 48
D428 58 49
A 80 56 41
A 20 55 52
Males o f
Group I.
Males o f
Group II.
Males o f
Group //(cont.).
Eg 1,1 . u ■ a*
'§■ § 8-S §■ § 1-s
bn
UZ
b - ItH
B125 50 62 J98 60 42 R619 55 53
B155 52 60 K l l 60 43 R610 61 52
B141 56 58 J55 54 48 R602 62 49
D421 54 57 B175 55 43 R606 58 48
A9 54 57 A 25 62 45 K47 55 47’
LI 56 55 A l l 58 44 D 425 62 48
K73 56 52 A 35 61 49 K69 53 44
R617 54 56 J25 54 48 J17 58 50
R601 56 55 J 65 56 48 B167 55 48
J18 54 55 J9 59 47 C517 55 47
B115 55 54 B213 60 50 D405 58 46
B211 54 52 A1 57 47 J87 55 50
J21 56 52 D406 63 47 C611 50 48
K77 54 51 B255 59 52 J85 54 51
K79 64 50 D408 59 48 R612 54* 51
K17 55 50 R615 54* 52 D430 64 49
D415 52 50 R616 60 52 L7 57 48
J41 55 49 R618 56 46 J1 60 47
Distribution,
of the component
racial
groups in the
different
periods.
Facial and
nasal indices
of the specimens
figured
in Plates IV-
IX.
to Group 1, and a very high facial with a nasal index o f 51 as assigning it to Group m Facial indices o f 54, 55
and 56 in combination with nasal o f 50 were classed to Group 11.