Formulation w a s a p ro g r e s s iv e d e c r e a se in th e p e r c e n ta g e o f b ro a d no se s, th e fem a le s sh o w a s t e a d y r is e in th e
evidence p ro p o r t io n o f p la t y rh in e e x am p le s , v iz . from 28 p e r c e n t , in E a r l y P r e d y n a s t i c to 39 in L a t e
bearing on P r e d y n a s t i c an d t o 4 2 in F i r s t D y n a s t y .
the Early (f) O rth o g n a th ism a n d P r o g n a th ism . In th e E a r l y P r e d y n a s t ic p e r io d 1 5 p e r c en t , o f t h e w om en
Late Pre^ 1C* @*e * ^ o u t a to ta l 4 ° ) a r e p ro g n a th ic . I n th e L a t e P r e d y n a s t ic 1 9 p e r c e n t , a n d in th e F i r s t D y n a s t y
dynastic, 8 p e r cent, a r e p ro g n a th ic . T h a t is t o s a y t h a t th o u g h th e r e is n o t a d im in u tio n in th e n um b e r o f
and First p ro g n a th ic w om en , a s th e r e w a s o f p ro g n a th i c m en b e tw e en th e E a r l y a n d th e L a t e P r e d y n a s t ic , y e t
Dynasty th e r e is a d is t in c t d e c r e a s e in th e ir n um b e r a t th e t im e o f th e F i r s t D y n a s t y , iu s t a s w a s s e e n t o b e
Penods- th e c a s e w ith th e men.
D iv id e d S e r ie s . T h e S e p a r a t e R a c e -s t o c k s .
T h e p ro p o r t io n a te r ep r e se n ta t io n o f t h e tw o s e p a r a te r a c e - s to c k s in th e th r e e e a r lie s t p e r io d s h a s
b e e n s ta te d a b o v e . T h e v a r ia t io n s w h ic h t h e y e a c h u n d e r g o m a y n ow b e c o n s id e r ed . T h e n um b e r s
b e in g to o few t o a dm it o f p e r c e n ta g in g o n l y th e a v e r a g e (med ian) in d ic e s a r e co n sid ered .
Gr o u p I (N e g r o id ) . M a le s. A s r e g a rd s th e u p p e r fa c ia l in d e x th e m e d ian r em a in s u n a lte r e d
b e tw e en th e E a r l y a n d L a t e P r e d y n a s t ic p er io d s, v iz . a t th e fig u r e o f 52*5. In th e F i r s t D y n a s t y th e
fa c e sh o r ten s t o 5 I *5 * I n th e n a s a l in d e x th e r e is l i t t le v a r ia t io n in th e th r e e p e r io d s . I n th e L a t e
P r e d y n a s t i c a n d th e F i r s t D y n a s t y th e c r a n ia l c a p a c i t y r is e s 50 t o 70 c c ., a c h a n g e w h ic h is a s so c ia te d
w ith a r is e in th e c e p h a lic in d e x from 7 1 in th e E a r l y P r e d y n a s t ic t o 7 1 J in th e L a t e P r e d y n a s t ic an d
74$ in th e F ir s t D y n a s t y . T h e sm a lln e s s o f th e n um b e r o f s p e c im e n s , h ow e v e r , b e lo n g in g to th is
g r o u p in th e E a r l y P r e d y n a s t i c an d F i r s t D y n a s t y p r e v e n ts u s from a t t a c h in g g r e a t im p o r ta n c e t o
th is p o in t.
F em a les. T h e m e d ian o f c r a n ia l c a p a c i t y r ises f r om 1 ,19 0 c c . in th e E a r l y P r e d y n a s t i c to 1,280 c c .
in th e L a t e P r e d y n a s t i c a n d 1,2 70 c c . in th e F i r s t D y n a s t y . C u r io u s ly e n o u g h th is r is e is a c com p a n ie d
b y a s im u ltan eo u s fa ll in th e c e p h a lic in d e x , in r e g a rd t o w h ic h , h ow e v e r , i t is t o b e n o te d t h a t th e r e is
a ls o a fa ll in th e v e r t ic a l in d e x ( s e e in fr a ). B u t th o u g h th is r e s u lt a p p e a r s in th e m e d ian s i t m u s t b e
r e c e iv ed w ith c a u tio n a s th e n um b e r o f e x am p le s o f th e g r o u p in th e E a r l y P r e d y n a s t i c is v e r y sm a ll.
I n fa c ia l fe a tu re s th e o n ly p o in t t o b e n o t ic ed is a s lig h t le n g th e n in g o f th e fa c e .
GROUP n (N o n -n e g ro id ) . M a le s. T h e m e d ian o f th e u p p e r fa c ia l in d e x r em a in s v i r tu a l ly u n a lte r ed
b e tw e en th e E a r l y a n d L a t e P r e d y n a s t ic p e r io d s ; b u t in th e F i r s t D y n a s t y th e r e is a sh o r t e n in g o f
th e fa c e a c c om p a n ie d b y a s lig h t w id e n in g o f t h e no s e .
T h e cran ia l c a p a c i t y rem a in s v i r tu a l ly th e s am e 'th r o u g h o u t , w h ile th e c e p h a lic in d e x o s c illa te s
b e tw e e n 71*5 in th e L a t e P r e d y n a s t i c an d 73*5 in b o th th e E a r l y P r e d y n a s t i c a n d th e F i r s t D y n a s t y .
F em a les. T h e r e is a m o re m a rk e d c h a n g e b e tw e en th e L a t e a n d E a r l y P r e d y n a s t i c th an b e tw e en
th e L a t e P r e d y n a s t i c an d F i r s t D y n a s t y in r e g a rd to fa c ia l, n a sa l, an d c e p h a lic in d e x .
T h u s in th e L a t e P r e d y n a s t ic th e m e d ia n o f th e fa c ia l in d e x fa lls th r e e u n its w h ile th a t o f th e
c e p h a lic in d e x r ises th r e e u n its a n d t h a t o f th e n a sa l r is e s o ne . W h e r e a s in th e F i r s t D y n a s t y th e
n a s a l in d e x a n d th e c e p h a lic in d e x r em a in a t v i r tu a l ly th e s am e v a lu e a s t h e y w e re in th e L a t e
P r e d y p a s t ic , a n d o n l y th e fa c ia l in d e x sh ow s a v a r ia t io n ( v iz . 2 u nits ).
B u t in th e F i r s t D y n a s t y th e r e is a m u c h m o r e n o t ic e a b le r is e in th e c r a n ia l c a p a c it y , w h ic h g o e s
UP to 1>3 ^p c c - a s c o n t r a s te d w ith th e 1 ,2 10 c c . o f th e E a r l y P r e d y n a s t i c an d th e 1,2 60 c c . o f t h e L a t e
P r ed y n a s t ic .
A g e n e r a l re v iew o f th e th r e e p e r io d s sh ow s t h a t th e tw o r a c e - s to c k s a r e m o s t w id e ly c o n t r a s ted
in . th e E a r l y P r e d y n a s t ic , an d a p p ro x im a t e m o re c lo s e ly in th e ir c h a r a c te r is tic s in th e L a t e P r e d y n a s t ic
t im e , w h i le th e F i r s t D y n a s t y o c c u p ie s a n in te rm e d ia te po sitio n .
T h e m e d ian s o f th e v e r t ic a l in d e x a n d o f O r th o -P r o g n a th ism , w h ic h h a v e n o t y e t b e e n q u o t e d a s
t h e y w e r e n o t em p lo y e d in th e s c h em a t ic d ia g r am s , m a y b e g iv e n h e re . T h e y a r e a s f o l lo w s :—
Males o f
Group 1.
(.Negroid.)
Males o f
Group XI.
(Non-negroid.)
Females o f
Group i.
CNegroid.)
Females o f
(-Non-negroid..)
Vertical Index:
Early Predynastic . . 7 2 i 78} 75 78}
Late Predynastic . . 71 72 78 78
First Dynasty . . . 78 } 76 72 78}
Ortho-Prognathism :
Early Predynastic. . CD to D A D A B to B
Late Predynastic . . CD . ABtoB CD to D BtoBC
First Dynasty . . . B C toC B CD AB to B
The most significant points in the evidence formulated above seem to be
following:—
I n t h e M a l e s .
the
Cephalic Index and Capacity. In the seriation of the entire population the median
of the cephalic index rises slightly throughout the three periods, while there is
a reduction in the percentage of dolichocephalic specimens at the time of the First
Dynasty.
A very similar phenomenon is to be observed in the development of the cranial
capacity; there is not any pronounced increase in the size of the brain, but there is
a distinct rise in the proportion of individuals with fair-sized brains.
I f the two race-stocks are examined individually in regard to these points it will
appear that the changes are more definite in the negroid than in the non-negroid element.
The latter is apparently the more stable factor in the population, whereas the negroid part
of the population is displaying such changes as we may be justified in ascribing to the
educational influence of a rising civilization (cf. Chap. I, pp. 11, 12, 13).
I n t h e F em a l e s .
Cephalic Index and Capacity. In the seriation of the entire population the median
of the cephalic index rises slightly through these three periods.
The median capacity, on the other hand, remains unchanged. This apparently
contradictory result is probably due to a decrease in basi-bregmatic height in the skulls
in question (see ante, pp. 89, 90).
With regard to the two different race-stocks it is to be remarked that the rise in
capacity is not, as in the case of the males, confined to the negroid element in the population.
That this rise in the medians of capacity is accompanied by a reduction instead
of by a rise in the medians of the cephalic and vertical index of the negroid females may
be explained by the peculiar character of the females of the negroid group in the Early
Predynastic period. These, which with a single exception all came from Hou, form a small
but compact knot of individuals with a cephalic and a vertical index a little higher than
is usual in the negroid group. In fact, though undoubtedly negroids these women probably
originated from some different tribe to those of which Group 1 was generally composed.
(See Appendix, p. 120, for the catalogue-numbers of the specimens, and Chart II a for their
respective indices.)
From the private tombs of the First Dynasty we pass to the small series obtained
from the burials around the great Royal Tombs of the First and Second Dynasties
at Abydos. Here the first point of importance is to observe that out of the 15 male
specimens for which nasal and facial indices could be calculated no less than 11 belong to
the non-negroid and only 1 to the negroid element. Of 10 female specimens 5 belong
to the non-negroid and 2 to the negroid.
Consequently only one group is represented in the schematic diagrams.. The number
of examples was too small to allow of thé profitable employment of the method of percentages
so it can be stated only in absolute numbers that as regards the several indices—
In the Cephalic Index. Of 26 males, 15 are dolichocephalic, 10 are mesaticephalic,
and 1 brachycephalic.
Of 15 females, 8 are dolichocephalic, 4 mesaticephalic, and 3 are brachycephalic.
T h e most
significant
points in the
evidence
formulated
above.
The Royal
Tombs of
the F irst and
Second
Dynasties.
N 2