The averas e (median) femoral lengths in millimetres in the various series are as
evidence o f follows l—
stature in _________________________________________ __________ _________
Males. Females.
Femoral
length.
N um ber o f
Exam ples.
Femoral
length.
Num ber o f
Exam ples.
Early Predynastic........................... 450 mm. 28 485 mm. 27
Late Predynastic............................ 450 „ 69 425 „ 60
First Dynasty................................ 460 to 470 „ 10 422 „ 15
Sixth to Twelfth Dynasties . . . 454 „ 123 414 „ 89
Twelfth to Fifteenth Dynasties, Hon
(excluding ‘ Pan-tombs ’) . . . 450 „ 47 419 „ 49
* Pan-tombs ’ of Twelfth to Fifteenth
Dynasties . ........................... 466 to 480 „ 8 480 „ 10
Ptolemaic period. . . . . . . 450 „ 28 416 „ 15
Roman period . . . . . . . 447 „ 6 400 to 411 „ 10
It does not appear that there is any appreciable difference between the females of the
two opposite race-stocks in respect of femoral length. The males of the non-negroid
stock, however, average about one centimetre more than those of the negroid stock in the
length of the femur. Thus in the Early Predynastic, Late Predynastic, First Dynasty,
Sixth to Twelfth Dynasties, and the Twelfth to Fifteenth Dynasties from Hou, the
femoral length of the non-negroid males averages regularly 458 mm., whereas that of
the negroids is 444-447 mm. (excluding the ‘ Pan-tombs ’ of Hou).
The chief points of the evidence obtained by the system of percentage classification
(Table 1) and by the schematic diagrams of Plates x-x v may now be formulated for the
first three periods. We will proceed by quoting first the points for the undivided series,
and then for each of the two main groups into which it has been shown that the
population may be divided.
Formulation
o f all the
evidence
bearing on
the Early
Predynastic,
Late Predynastic,
and First
Dynasty
periods.
U n d iv id e d S e r ie s . Ma l e s .
C e p h a lic In d e x . | T h e a v e r a g e (o r m o r e p r e c i s e ly th e m e d ia n *) c e p h a lic in d e x is low e r in th e
l i a r l y P r e d y n a s t ic th a n in a n y s u b s e q u e n t p e r io d . In p a s s in g to th e F i r s t D y n a s t y i t is t o b e seen
th a t th o u g h th e a lte r a t io n in th e a v e r a g e (m ed ian ) in d e x is v e r y s lig h t , y e t th e r e is a d e c r e a s e in th e
p e r c e n ta g e o f d o lic h o c ep h a ls .
(b ) C a p a c ity . H e r e th e m o s t s t r ik in g fe a tu re is a g en e r a l r is e in th e a v e r a g e c a p a c i t y o f th e
m a le s , v iz . from a m ed ian o f 1 ,3 70 c c . in th e E a r l y P r e d y n a s t ic to 1,3 90 c c . in th e L a t e P r e d y n a s t i c an d
i , 4 4 ° c c . in th e F i r s t D y n a s t y .
T h o u g h th e d iffe r e n c e b e tw e en th e m e d ia n s fo r E a r l y P r e d y n a s t ic an d F i r s t D y n a s t y o n ly
am o u n t s to 70 c c . i t m a y b e p o in te d o u t t h a t th e p e r c e n t a g e o f m ic r o c é p h a lie m a le s in th e F ir s t
D y n a s t y (20 p e r c e n t .) is o n l y h a l f w h a t i t w a s in th e E a r l y P r e d y n a s t i c (40 p e r c en t .) . T h e F ir s t D y n a s t y
a g a in sh ow s a co r r e sp o n d in g in c r e a se in th e p e r c e n ta g e o f sp e c im e n s a s s ig n e d to th e m e s o c e p h a lic an d
m e g a c ep h a lic c la sses , th e m e s o c e p h a lic b e in g a lm o s t th e m o s t n um e ro u s o f a n y p e r io d in th e h is to r y .
T h a t is to s a y th a t in g en e r a l th e m a le p o p u la t io n o f th e F i r s t D y n a s t y is la r g e r -h e a d ed th an i t w a s
b e fo re , w h ile th e L a t e P r e d y n a s t ic o c c u p ie s a tra n s it io n a l p la c e b e tw e en th e E a r l y P r e d y n a s t i c an d
th e F i r s t D y n a s t y . T h i s r is e in th e c r a n ia l c a p a c i t y (7 0 c c .) is a s so c ia te d w ith a s lig h t rise in th e
m ed ian o f th e c e p h a lic in d e x , v iz . from 7 1 .5 t o 72-5, an d th e r ed u c tio n in th e p e r c e n t a g e o f
m ic ro c é p h a lie s p e c im e n s in th e F i r s t D y n a s t y is a ls o a s so c ia te d w ith a v e r y s lig h t red u c t io n in th e
p e r c e n ta g e o f d o lic h o c e p h a lic sp e cimens .
T h e median has been chosen rather than the arithmetical mean for the purpose o f these schematic diagrams
for reasons given on p. 55. In the case o f the capacity this median is taken from the curves published in Charts
I and I I where the unit o f d ifferentiation is 20 cc. T h e arithmetical mean for the undivided series is always to be
found, i f needed, among the calculations at the foot o f each curve in Charts I and II, and the precise values o f the
capacity are entered in the list o f m easurements o f each specimen in the Appendix.
(c) V e r tic a l In d e x . T h e p e r c e n t a g e o f m a le s in th e E a r l y P r e d y n a s t i c p e r io d w ith h ig h v a u lt s Formulation
t o th e h e a d is la r g e (20 p e r c e n t .) . T h i s is a ch a r a c te r is t ic w h ic h p r a c t ic a l ly d is a p p e a r s in th e L a t e o f all the
P r e d y n a s t ic , w h e r e th e r e a r e o n ly 2 p e r c en t . B u t i t re a p p e a r s in th e F i r s t D y n a s t y ( 1 1 p e r c en t .) . evidence
. . ' bearing on
(d ) F a c ia l In d e x . In th e F i r s t D y n a s t y th e r e is a sh o r te n in g o f th e fa c e in com p a r iso n w ith th e the Early
E a r l y a n d th e L a t e P r e d y n a s t ic p e r io d s , a s is s h ow n b y th e d e c r e a se in th e m e d ian . In th e F i r s t Predynastic,
D y n a s t y th e m e d ian fa lls w ith in d ie m e s o p ro s o p ic d iv is io n , w h e r e a s in th e tw o p r e c e d in g p e r io d s i t ^ate ^re_
w a s in th e le p to p ro so p ic . a n d ^ r s t
(e) N a s a l In d e x . T h e E a r l y a n d th e L a t e P r e d y n a s t ic p e r io d s a r e v i r tu a l ly id e n t ic a l b o th in Dynasty
r e s p e c t o f th e med ian o f th e n a sa l in d e x an d a ls o in th e p e r c e n ta g e o f p la t y r h in e sp e c im e n s . T h e Penods -
m e d ian r em a in s a lm o s t u n a lte r e d in th e F i r s t D y n a s t y , b u t th e p e r c e n ta g e o f p la t y r h in e m a le s fa lls
from 36-5 t o 2 4 . T h e m ed ian s a r e in th e m e so rh in e c la s s in a l l th r e e p e r io d s .
( f) O rth o g n a th ism a n d P r o g n a th ism . In th e E a r l y P r e d y n a s t i c 7 a r e p ro g n a th ic o u t o f a to ta l o f
3 5 m a le s ( it is p r e fe r a b le t o q u o t e th e a c tu a l n um b e r s w h e n th e s e r ie s is s o sm a ll) . I n th e L a t e
P r e d y n a s t i c th e p ro p o r t io n o f p ro g n a th ic s p e c im e n s h a s d e c r e a s e d to h a l f w h a t i t w a s in th e p r e c e d in g
p e r io d (9 o u t o f a to ta l o f 96). In th e F i r s t D y n a s t y th is d e c r e a s e is c o n tin u e d , o n ly 2 o u t o f a to ta l
o f 26 b e in g p ro g n a th ic .
U n d iv id e d S e r ie s . F em a l e s .
(a) C e p h a lic In d e x . T h e m e d ian o f t h e c e p h a lic in d e x is lo w e r in th e E a r l y P r e d y n a s t ic th a n in
a n y s u b s e q u e n t p e r io d .
B e tw e e n th e E a r l y P r e d y n a s t ic p e r io d an d th e F i r s t D y n a s t y th e r e is a s li g h t d im in u tio n in th e
p e r c e n ta g e o f d o lic h o c ep h a lic f em a le s (E a r l y P r e d y n a s t ic , 67 p e r c e n t . ; L a t e P r e d y n a s t ic , 60 p e r c e n t . ;
F i r s t D y n a s t y , 5 9 p e r cen t .). T h i s is a s so c ia te d w ith a r is e in th e m e d ian c e p h a lic in d e x , v iz . from
72*5 in th e fir s t tw o p e r io d s to 73*5 in th e F i r s t D y n a s t y .
N .B . T h e m a le s , w h e th e r ju d g e d b y th e m e d ian o r b y th e ir p e r c e n t a g e c la s s ific a t io n , a r e m o re
d o lic h o c e p h a lic th a n th e fem a le s th r o u g h o u t th e w h o le h is to r y from f ir s t to la s t . S im i l a r l y in
th e m e s a t ic e p h a lic d iv is io n th e fem a le s a lw a y s o u tn um b e r th e m a les .
(b ) C a p a c ity . T h e m e d ian in d e x o f t h e fem a le s r em a in s p r a c t ic a l ly u n c h a n g e d th r o u g h th e fir s t
th r e e p er io d s. T h i s is in s p i te o f a s lig h t r is e in th e c e p h a lic in d e x ; a n a p p a r e n t co n t r a d ic t io n w h ic h
is p e rh a p s a c c o u n te d fo r b y th e c ir cum s tan c e th a t th e r e h a s b e e n a s im u ltan e o u s fa ll in th e a v e r a g e
v e r t ic a l in d e x (s e e th e a r i thm e t ic a l m e an s a s g iv e n in C h a r t II).
A s in th e m a le s s o a ls o in th e fem a le s th e F i r s t D y n a s t y w itn e s s e s an in c r e a se in th e p e r c e n ta g e
o f m e s o c e p h a lic a n d m e g a c e p h a lic in d iv id u a ls . T h e d iffe r e n c e in th is r e s p e c t b e tw e e n th e e a r ly a n d
th e L a t e P r e d y n a s t i c fem a le s is s lig h t , a n d is som ew h a t o b s cu r ed b y th e to ta l a b s e n c e in th e E a r l y
P r e d y n a s t i c p e r io d o f a n y m e g a c e p h a lic fem a le s .
I t is n o tew o r th y t h a t in th e F i r s t D y n a s t y th e d iffe r e n c e in c r a n ia l c a p a c i t y b e tw e en th e m en an d
w om en ( 19 0 c c .) is m u c h g r e a te r th a n in th e tw o p r e c e d in g p e r io d s ( 1 2 0 - 1 3 0 c c .) . T h i s s u g g e s t s th e
u n e q u a l in flu en c e o f c u ltu r e on th e tw o s e x e s .
(c ) V e r tic a l In d e x . T h e p e r c e n ta g e o f h ig h - v a u lt e d h e a d s is fa i r ly c o n s ta n t in th e fem a le s
th r o u g h o u t t h e fir s t th r e e p e r io d s , ten d in g , h ow e v e r , s li g h t l y tow a rd s a d e c r e a s e (8, 7 , an d 3 I p e r cent.).
I n th e m a le s , a s h a s b e e n r em a r k e d a b o v e , th e r e is a s t r ik in g p re p o n d e r a n c e o f h ig h - v a u lt e d h e a d s in
th e E a r l y P r e d y n a s t i c t im e .
I f th e tw o s e x e s a r e c om p a r ed in th e s e p e r io d s i t w i l l b e s e e n th a t in th e E a r l y P r e d y n a s t i c th e
p e r c e n t a g e o f low - v a u lts is p r a c t ic a l ly th e s am e fo r m a le s a n d fem a le s . In th e L a t e P r e d y n a s t ic
t h e y a r e 1 2 p e r c e n t , m o re n um e ro u s in th e m a le s , w h ils t in th e F i r s t D y n a s t y t h e y a r e 1 3 p e r c en t ,
m o re n um e ro u s in th e fem a le s .
(d ) F a c ia l In d e x . In th e fem a le s th e m ed ian s fo r th is in d e x fa ll w ith in th e le p to p ro so p ic g r o u p
fo r a ll th r e e p e r io d s . T h e fa c e sh o r ten s , a s ju d g e d b y th e m e d ian , w h ic h d e c r e a se s b y i | u n its in th e
L a t e P r e d y n a s t i c a n d rem a in s a t th a t le v e l in th e F i r s t D y n a s t y .
T h e d is t r ib u tio n o f t h e c la s s e s a c c o rd in g t o p e r c e n t a g e is m u c h th e s am e in th e L a t e P r e d y n a s t i c
a n d F i r s t D y n a s t y , w h ic h a lik e sh ow a b o u t 10 p e r c e n t , few e r e x am p le s o f le p to p ro s o p y th a n th e
E a r l y P r ed y n a s t ic . ^ I t sh o u ld b e n o t ic ed th a t th is d im in u tio n in th e p e r c e n ta g e o f le p to p ro so p ic
w om en is a c com p a n ie d b y an in c r e a se in th e p e r c e n t a g e o f b r o a d n o s e s ( s e e in fr a ,, p . 9 0 ) ; a n d fu r th e r
th a t i t is a s so c ia te d w ith d ie p ro p o r t io n a te in c r e a s e in th e r ep r e s e n ta t io n o f th e n e g ro id g r o u p an d
d e c r e a s e in th e r ep r e se n ta t io n o f th e no n -n e g ro id .
(e) N a s a l In d e x . In th e fem a le s a s in th e m a le s th e m e d ian o f th e n a sa l in d e x rem a in s
u n c h a n g e d b e tw e en th e E a r l y an d th e L a t e P r e d y n a s t ic . I n th e F i r s t D y n a s t y , h ow e v e r , th e n o s e o f
th e w om en is i£ u n its w id e r th a n i t w a s b e fo re .
In th e E a r l y P r e d y n a s t ic p e r io d th e p e r c e n t a g e o f p la t y r h in e m a le s is h ig h e r th a n th a t o f
p la t y r h in e f em a le s ; b u t in th e fo llo w in g p e r io d s th e c a s e is r e v e r s e d , in th e F i r s t D y n a s t y , in d e ed , th e
fem a le s a r e 18 p e r c e n t , m o re p la ty rh in e th a n th e m a le s . I n c o n t r a s t to th e m a le s , in w h om th e r e
IIAC1VBR N