adopted to
discover
correlations.
Close reciprocity
of
variation
between the
upper facial
and the
nasal index.
Which, however,
is not
constantly
associated
with variations
of other
features.
features were taken at a time and ranged in a scale by the order of their indices one
above the other. The way in which this may be done will be understood by a reference
to Plate ii, which contains an analysis of one period, the Early Predynastic males, selected
for illustration as containing only a small number of examples in order that the reader
might not be perplexed by a quantity of lines.
The features which we studied in Plate n are primarily the facial and the nasal indices.
The facial indices are ranged out in consecutive ascending order from left to right, and
below them the nasal indices in consecutive descending order from left to right $
Then the individual specimens are entered each against their proper index, first in the
facial, then in the nasal series, and lines are drawn connecting the points in the facial
and in the nasal series at which each respective specimen occurs. The general
trend of these lines is at once apparent to the eye and suggests what associations exist
In the present case it will be noticed that very few of the connecting lines intersect,
that is to say that one general system of variation obtains throughout. The facial and
nasal are then the primary features analysed in the tables on Plate n ; but a further
point is examined at the same time, and that is the question whether there is any
difference in the kind and degree of facio-nasal association consequent on simultaneous
differences in the other features. Thus there are four tables arranged on the basis
of the cranial capacity; this is to show whether the distribution varies appreciably when
the capacity is different. Next, by the side of each facio-nasal table as arranged on the
basis of capacity is placed a scale of the cephalic indices and of the vertical indices
of the specimens occurring in each table; this is to test whether the distribution in the
facio-nasal tables varies with differences of the cephalic or of the vertical index.
The application of this system of analysis revealed a point of first-rate importance;
viz. that in every single period, alike in the males and in the females, there was a close
and constant harmony of variation between the facial and the nasal indices. The one
feature varied constantly and regularly as the other varied; and this is a proof that,
at any rate in the several series here examined, there is a real correlation between the
two. A high facial index (i. e. a narrow face) was throughout associated with a narrow
nose, and a low facial index (i. e. a broad face) was throughout associated with a broad
nose.
Having failed to detect by this method any consistent and regular principle of
reciprocal variation between two or more of the cranial characters, we proceeded to
examine whether, taken individually, any of the three cranial characters were associated
with variations in the facial and nasal indices. It then appeared that whereas the facio-
nasal correlation was evidently one of the first degree it was not, so far as could be
observed, regularly accompanied by other simultaneous modifications in the facial or in
the cranial form. In one or two periods, however, there were associations of various
degree with particular grades of other features, which may possibly be fortuitous,
but which none the less demand consideration. Thus sometimes (Early Predynastic
males, females; Twelfth to Fifteenth Dynasty from Hou, males, females) low facial
index and platyrhiny are associated with prognathism. Sometimes (Early Predynastic
males; Twelfth to Fifteenth Dynasty from Hou, males) low facial index and platyrhiny
are associated with a rather low cephalic index, and sometimes (Early Predynastic males,
females; Twelfth to Fifteenth Dynasty, Hou, males) with a rather low cranial capacity.
1 Ha d the ascending order or a descending order o f indices been adopted for both, the result would have been
a quantity o f intersecting lines which would have been less intelligible.
Again, high facial index combined with leptorhiny never occurs with prognathism, but
is sometimes (Early Predynastic males) associated with a rather high cephalic index
and sometimes (Early Predynastic males) with a rather high capacity.
The graphic method of analysis was utilized not only to demonstrate the way in
which two features vary reciprocally, but also to exhibit the distribution of such
variations on the scale. Now if a series of specimens is not composed of disparate
elements but is homogeneous, the law of probabilities (see infra, Ch. V II) would demand
that their distribution should be regular and uniform. The greatest number of examples
ought to occur at or near the mean, and there should be a consistent decrease of
frequency towards each of the extremes. But the tables of the facio-nasal correlation
entirely fail to conform to this rule. Not only is it impossible to find any limits near
the centre of the scale which will include a majority of the examples, but on the contrary
the specimens fall naturally into two groups, one to the right and the other to the left
of the centre. This compelled us to believe that we had to deal not with one but with
two component factors. It was impossible to regard the distribution as resulting from
the normal variation of a single medial type, and on the other hand it was naturally
and immediately explicable as the outcome of the juxtaposition of two distinct groups.
As each of these two groups shows within itself a close correlation of the facial and
nasal indices they may be described as a short-faced or broad-faced platyrhine, henceforward
termed ‘ Group 1/ and a long-faced or narrow-faced leptorhine, which will
be termed ‘ Group 11 ’ from this point onward (see p. 86).
In the present state of knowledge it is difficult to define the range of variation
for any of the cranial features, and to say within what, limits a race may vary without
forfeiting its claim to be regarded as homogeneous. But with the face, and still more
with the nose, it is different. No one would, allow that a negro nose and a European
nose are simply legitimate deviations from a single race-type. And yet these are the
extremes which occur in our series. The measurements alone are sufficient evidence, but
an appeal to the eye must surely carry final conviction. Will any anthropologist maintain
that the two groups exhibited in the photographs in Plates iv - ix are the natural variations
towards platyrhiny and leptorhiny respectively of a stock which is mesorhine in
its typical form ? If not, it must be admitted that there are two different components
in our series, and that any theory which ignores this diversity must be a false one.
The existence of these two component factors has been detected solely by the
facial and nasal characters. It has been shown that only in two or three of the periods
would an arrangement on the basis of cranial features have disclosed their presence.
In most periods Dolichocephals, Mesaticephals, and Brachycephals would have shared
these opposed facial types in nearly equal proportions ; nor would the grades of vertical
index or of capacity have differentiated them any better. We must adhere therefore
to the face and nose as the basis of classification when assigning the specimens to what
we may now unhesitatingly assert to be two different races1.
In carrying out the division of the component races it would have been preferable
to work from photographs or originals rather than from mere indices; but unfortunately
for the majority of the specimens only measurements were available. Of the 111 photographic
representations of the face 93 are published in Plates iv - ix .
1 O f the two features the best, i f a single fundam entum d iv ision is were needed, would be the nasal. Th e re
would be fewer contradictions o f type i f the specimens were merely grouped as platyrhine and leptorhine than
i f they were merely grouped as chamaeprosopic and leptoprosopic.
H 2
Irregularity
of the distribution
of the
facio-nasal
association
when arranged
in
Frequency
Curves.
Consequent
necessity of
supposing
that two
opposite
race-types
occur.
The difference
of these
race-types
shown by
facial, not by
cranial
forms.
Corroboration
of this
theory
afforded by
photographs.