The Royal In the Nasal Index. Of 20 males, 10 are leptorhine, 8 mesorhine, and 2 platvrhine
iombs of ( s .c r 1 * *
the First and Ut 14 temales, 5 are leptorhine, 7 mesorhine, and 2 platyrhine.
Dynasties. In the Vertical Index. Of 23 males, 9 are tapeinocephalic, 13 metriocephalic, and
1 acrocephalic.
Of 12 females, 5 are tapeinocephalic, 5 metriocephalic, and 2 acrocephalic.
In the Facial Index. Of 15 males, none are chamaeprosopic, 9 mesoprosopic, and
6 leptoprosopic.
Of 10 females, 2 are chamaeprosopic, 3 mesoprosopic, and 5 leptoprosopic.
In Capacity. Of 22 males, 3 are microcephalic, 7 mesocephalic, and 10 mega-
cephalic.
Of 11 females, 7 are microcephaiic, and 4 mesocephalic.
Orthognathism and Progviathism. Of 18 males, 1 is hyperorthognathic, 15 orthognathic
and mesognathic, and 2 prognathic.
Of 10 females, 2 are hyperorthognathic, and 8 orthognathic or mesognathic.
The males of this series are in general similar to the First Dynasty in cranial capacity
(M 3°)> but have a cephalic index of 74 as contrasted with the 723 of the First Dynasty.
The nose is narrower (4877) than in any of the preceding periods.
In the females the capacity has risen to 1,300 and there is a rise of one unit in the
cephalic index (743), the nose is narrower than in the two immediately preceding periods,
and a trifle narrower than in the Early Predynastic.
Here then in the attendants or courtiers who were buried with the kings of the
First and Second Dynasties it is the non-negroid element which is markedly in preponderance.
This may have some significance in view of the probability that the
individuals in question were of superior social standing, but the reader must be reminded
that in the previous periods an examination of the tomb equipment afforded no reason
to suppose that there was any difference of social standing between the two racial
elements.
The non-negroid stock in these graves preserves all its characteristics, and the
narrowing of the nose in the males suggests a refinement of the type.
Fourth”and As rePresentatives of the next chronological period, viz. Third and Fourth Dynasties,
ppfejpb-. we possess only n males and 5 females from the site of Regagnah in Upper Egypt
(see Appendix, p. 119). We have, however, a considerable series of measurements of crania
of the Fourth and Fifth Dynasties, which were obtained from sites far distant from the
Theban province with which we have hitherto been concerned. They belong to the sites
of Deshasheh and Medum in Middle Egypt and were measured respectively by Professor
William Flinders Petrie and Dr. Garson, to whose courtesy we are indebted for the use
of this material. They have up to the present point been excluded from any of the
analytical statements in order to avoid disturbing the continuous history of a population
resident in a closely circumscribed geographical area.
But at this stage they may be taken into passing consideration as they afford
corroboration of an opinion to which we have been led by an examination of the
specimens from Regagnah.
In the 11 Regagnah males there is nothing special to remark in regard to the facial
index (57) or the nasal index (50). The average cephalic index is 74, which is identical
with that of the males of the Royal Tombs and higher than that of the other preceding
series. But the remarkable characteristic of these men from Regagnah is their great
skull-capacity. The average of the series is 1,508 cc., which is 78 cc. higher than that The Third,
of the males of the Royal Tombs, and no less than 8 out of the 1 1 are megacephalic. FtfthD’jmas-
Now it is precisely their remarkably high skull-capacity which distinguishes the
males of Medum and Deshasheh from any of the other Upper Egyptian series. The
average figure for the two sites combined is 1,496, or if they are considered separately
the average for Medum is 1,456 and for Deshasheh 1,528. The two sites of Middle
Egypt, therefore, while they differ from one another in the degree of their megacephaly,
are yet alike in exhibiting a skull-capacity much higher than that which obtained in
Upper Egypt. Now it has always been supposed that King Neter-khet, whose tomb
was found only two miles from Regagnah, was the builder of the ‘ step-pyramid’ at
Sakkara. Like his predecessors of the First and Second Dynasties he ultimately
determined to be buried in the Thebaid not far from the place most sacred to Osiris,
and it seems quite reasonable to suppose that the construction of his remarkable sepulchral
monument was carried out by builders and overseers imported for the purpose from
Middle or Lower Egypt. To such a colony, we may assume, the little knot of very largeheaded
men at Regagnah belonged.