' i !
•Uüo
ha'
of nuiiakcy, wliich runs partly alonj; the
liiceJ along ihe higher grounds bordering upon the sca-sh
? answered the desired end lliere, liaving gn.wn rapidly ai
been obtained by any utlier :>ort of tree. . . . Upon i
about 400 to 500 feec abcpve the level of ihe ,ea; bet in sLch
:he5e elevitled inland part!! h.is been given up."
: elevated pa
ts the planL
As to the growth of the in Scotland, Mr Brci
iraer. the Pi>mslc>- has been plentifully
I a proleflion to tlie plantations of hardwo,>d growing inside,
g in a very few year» an amount of shelter which could not
. of Ihe same estate the PiHoskr was also planted, at fr..ni
lid not succeed w-ell, and conseqiietiily their cultivation upon
n says
Jt be e
spread rather low, a
expected that the Pinasters will rise high, or malte line-lool<ing trees for a number of years. On the conti
I very bushy habit for at lease the first twelve >'ears. This liat.it of theirs is their security; for a tr
: tli.-.t would
incline 10 rise high in such a situation would be at onee thrown into lad health, while the Pinasters spreading themselves, soon foi
massive shelter to everything else near ihcm ; and by the time they arrive ai about fifteen yeare old, they begin to rise upwards
by ihis time perfecily estnhlisheil in their siiuaiioiL"
ipidly, bein^r
Even at its best, howcvc
at is about the height of :
•ocliiaion tiiere is thus ple:
, it does not appear ever to get beyond 50 feet in height in Scotlan
number of these trees in the parish of Moffat, in Dumfriesshire, who:
antly described by the late Dr Fleming:
Dr Walker, who long
ish of Moffat, regarded as
! afternoon in spring from
rather
now imagined that :
evening going forth t<. ;
proceeded to the spot,;
and hence diey were lee
itinction the Chair uf Natural History in the Univei
inteilecl, in consequence of the fondness which he di
ÎS observed to have the pockct of his coat full of whai
is in his iun.-icy hail arrivetl,
orner of the glebe and puttin
J found that he had been pla,
o conclude that their ministci
n his fii
played for weeds and vermin,
ip|Maie<l 10 be Fir iranc/us.
ions. He was observed in th(
le plant
ting s(
e year
le of PoK-i .
young rirs
• not so great a foo
lament to the glebe, and a monument of the Doctor's
je. and one is 45 feet in height, and 6 feet 3 iiiche.i
emory of the pan of the Doctor's dress
nund. Wlien he had retired to the manse, the
lat these had appeared as branches sticking 11
s ihey had suspected. The plants look root, wc
-boricultiiral tendencies. These trees must now
3 iiiche.s in circumference at the ground; and they to this
,hich they were first obst-rved."
Properties and Uses.—Oi coui
•se, wherever timber is, howe\'er we
at Toulon, the timber of the Pina
vessels, and also for the piles and pr<
I n other words, the timber is appli«
cr.mmcrcial uses arc even lower the
)f the tree by a systcn
ount of both proccsse.
i! manufadures than a
made of it. In the marine :irsenal
cases of the packages used on board
the frames of vessels while building,
to which it can be put. But its real
of resin, by withdrawing the juice <
the wood. Loudcm gives a full acc
the nature of chemical or mechanic:
vill be
üer
wish for
The ma
informati(.n regarding them to his
ufacture of these producls, however.
of the
of Guit
Bavonn. tinly supi:
:.rted
It is to be remembered, howe;
frotn the extraction of these pt
in the same way with the Pin.
trees here in anything like the
resin from trees in this countr>'.
Notwithstanding the Ihtle
ilecoration. Its rich green, its
shoots, render it very effet^live.
According to Major-Ciene
(juality of its tiinber by transj
iSth Sept, tSii), he says. "I
r. thanks to M. Bremonti
y the preparation of tar an<
r, that although the inhabit;
rlucfs, we should not be eq
..f tapping;
but as thesi
oricultural d,
k, the "Arl.
most import
r, the peasantry- between
re.sin from the pignadas o
nts of these districts deri'
ally successful were we t(
•iters growing in this country-. The res
iame quantity or richness as in warmer 1
^ is done in the Landes, would pr<ive con
alue of the Pinaster for econ(.mical jju
apid growth, its dense ma.ss of foliage,
it be, some
employed for the outer
s which are used for sustaining
to the most inferk)r purposes
this: they arc the production
md of lampblack, by burning
may rather be considered of
tails, we shall refer the rea.ler
.return Britannicum," vol, iv.
int matter for the inhabitants
Bourdeau.K and
Pinaster forests.
: a scanty living
attempt to deal
not d.
:limates. An attempt to
imercially a failure,
•poses, it is alw;iys welc(
and its magnificent le.u
in the
extract
ll Be; the Pinaster has underg.
• St Helena, Writing to
J present you with a speci
Sir Joh
arkable
Sinclai
of Fir timber, the produt
of Pi7iaster trees raised in this island,
or causes in the texture and appcaran
I could not deny myself the gratificati
s beer
effected by some natural c
curious and cxtraordinar>-,
-ispcflio
The transmutation which ha
ice of Fir titnber seemed to
of subrnitting it to the
of yourself" &c He
communicated with Sir Joseph Bankb on the subject and, in w
;ing him, said that although r
trees of different sorts had been tried at St Helena, there wcr
none so peculiarly adapted to
climate and soil, nor that stood the almost unceasing south-easterly w
nd so well, as the Pinaster.
the higher and cooler parts they thrive surprisingly; but i
1 those less elevated, antl towards the r
and south extremities of the island, the summer heats a
c too powerful for the proj)agation of
that are indigenous to the colder climates. When sheltered under die leeward sides of the hills,
the prevailing south-east wind, it grows straight and beautiful, and arrives at the height of 50 to 60 feet
in the space of twenty-four years,"—(Beatson's "Trafls relating to St Helena," p. 49,) The timber
thus altered by growth at St Helena is described by the General [loe. eit) as of a verj' superior quality.
differing materially from either the Mcmcl or the American Fir, being of a closer grain
veined, and resembling in some degree a pale Alahogany,
The Pinaster (at least in the Landes) seems peculiarly liable to the attacks of insects,
of Mont-de-Marsan in the Landes, an eminent French entomologist, has for some years
occupation in tracing the habits and transfonnations of the different kinds of insects
upon it, and has already recorded those of upwards of 120 species as parasites upi
is satisfactor>' to learn frotn him, n(.t so much on account of this particular tree, but a^
inference must be ap])licable to all trees, that "he cannot admit that these insects
cause of the death of the trees which they attack; and that during the fifteen yeai
lutifully
M, Perris
past found
.'hich prey
It
1 bv
this tree
ifa6t
rc the primar>'
for which he
whhout intermission studied their habits in one of the best-wooded coimtrics in France, he had observed
a sufficiency of fads to justify him in expressing his opinion, that inscds in general (not including those
which attach themselves solely to the foliage as miners, &c.) do not attack those trees which are in g<.od
health, but they only address themselves to those whose health antl functions ha\'c suffered from some
caitse or other;" and he expresses his perfect conviction "that ligtiivorous inserts are only to be dreaded
by sickly trees. They are like some mosses and lichens which only attach themselves to enfeebled trees,
while healthy well-growing trees preser\'e a smootli bark, and repulse these \'egetable parasites."—(Perris,
in Anna/. Soe. Ent France. 2me serie, vol. x. p. 513-)
Culture.—'Yhc first and must essential requisite to the succe.ssful cultivation of the Pinaster is
a sandy soil, and the second a sca-breezc. It will never grow so well under atiy other conditions, and
there arc some in which it is absolutely hopeless to attemi>t to grow it. Such arc a chalky or any kinrl
of calcareous soil, peat, or any stiff wet loam ; to which, perhaps, may I)e added, in Britain, any
considerable elevation above the sea.
The usual time for sowing the seed is towards the end of April; but if the season be late, and if there
of frost, the sowing tnay be delayed until the first week of May. As the Pinaster
roots, their growth must be encouraged by transplanting twice at least before being
)ne year ..Id they may be transplanted from the seed-bed into lines, about six inches
.-ing left between the |)lants. The ground chosen she.uld be light and sandy, without
be any appearance
makes few fibrous
planted out. At t
:ipart, two inches b.
When
nd twelv
vo years old they sh<
inches between the
,tld e agiiin transplanted, leaving about four inches between the
At three years okl they may be lifted and planted where
upi.
Mr Brown, in his " Fore.ster," recommends that, in planting, a few
•fs. about 2 inches thick and 12 inches s<iuare, from the exadt spots w
put in; which turfs, as they are taken off, should be divide.l into t.
turf shouki Ix; put on the opening from which it was taki
iking it meet close upon the pla
e put 1
n should be empk.yed taking off
e it is intended the plants are to
eciual halves. After the plants
but with the earth or under side
each side; and when it is thus placcd, the seam or
opening